INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NAME INSTALL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/hp300. CONTENTS About this Document What is NetBSD? Changes Between The NetBSD 9 and 10 Releases Features to be removed in a later release The NetBSD Foundation Sources of NetBSD NetBSD 10.1 Release Contents NetBSD/hp300 subdirectory structure Binary distribution sets NetBSD/hp300 System Requirements and Supported Devices Supported hardware Unsupported hardware Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Preparing your System for NetBSD installation Formatting your hard drives Designing your disk's partition table Installing the bootstrap program locally Installing the miniroot file system locally Configuring the netboot server Put Series 400 systems in HP-UX Compatible Boot Mode Searching for a bootable system Selecting ethernet port on Series 400 Running SYS_INST Choosing a kernel location Installing the NetBSD System Post installation steps Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System Upgrading using the miniroot Manual upgrade Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Using online NetBSD documentation Administrivia Thanks go to Legal Mumbo-Jumbo The End DESCRIPTION About this Document This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 10.1 on the hp300 platform. It is available in four different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where .ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt: .ps PostScript. .html Standard Internet HTML. .more The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager util- ity programs. This is the format in which the on-line man pages are generally presented. .txt Plain old ASCII. You are reading the ASCII version. What is NetBSD? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional open- source operating system derived from the University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on many different different system architectures (ports) across a variety of distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 10.1 release contains complete binary releases for most of these system architectures, with preliminary support for the others included in source form. For more informa- tion please visit https://www.NetBSD.org/. NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD fea- tures a complete set of user utilities, compilers for sev- eral languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet commu- nity. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, NetBSD would not exist. Changes Between The NetBSD 9 and 10 Releases The NetBSD 10.1 release provides many significant changes, including support for many new devices, hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and numerous user- land enhancements. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. One important new feature in this release is the support for extended attributes and access control lists on FFS file systems. For new installations the installer will by default disable these features, so the file system is compatible with older NetBSD releases (before 10), and allow other operating sys- tems to mount this file systems at least in read-only mode. If you want a new installed file system to support extended attributes, change the file system type from ``FFSv2'' to ``FFSv2ea'' in the partitioning menu. You can also convert file systems later, using the fsck_ffs(8) utility. More details are available in this guide: https://wiki.netbsd.org/tutorials/acls_and_extended_attributes_on_ffs. If you are upgrading from a version of NetBSD -current please also check the Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases. It is impossible to completely summarize the massive development that went into the NetBSD 10.1 release. The complete list of changes can be found in CHANGES: https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-10.1/CHANGES CHANGES-10.1: https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-10.1/CHANGES-10.1 which are also present in the top level directory of the NetBSD 10.1 release tree. Features to be removed in a later release The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the future: o groff(1). Man pages are now handled with mandoc(1), and groff(1) can still be found in pkgsrc as textproc/groff. o pf(4). This packet filter is obsolete and unmain- tained in NetBSD. It will be eventually removed due to possible long-standing security issues and lack of multiprocessor support. New installations should use npf(7). The NetBSD Foundation The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corporation that devotes itself to the traditional goals and spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trade- mark of the word ``NetBSD''. It supports the design, devel- opment, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide. More information on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at: https://www.NetBSD.org/foundation/ Sources of NetBSD Refer to mirrors: https://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/ NetBSD 10.1 Release Contents The root directory of the NetBSD 10.1 release is organized as follows: .../NetBSD-10.1/ CHANGES Changes between the 9.0 and 10.0 releases. CHANGES-10.0 Changes between the initial 10.0 branch and final release of 10.0. CHANGES-10.1 Changes between the 10.0 and the 10.1 release. CHANGES.prev Changes in previous NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes and notes about the release. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. images/ Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for installing NetBSD. Depending on your system, these may be bootable. source/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architec- tures for which NetBSD 10.1 has a binary distribution. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the source subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source dis- tribution sets are as follows: gnusrc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. sharesrc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associ- ated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. src This set contains all of the base NetBSD 10.1 sources which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or syssrc. syssrc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 10.1 kernel for all architectures as well as the config(1) utility. xsrc This set contains the sources to the X Window Sys- tem. All the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the pkgsrc set, which is traditionally unpacked into /usr/pkgsrc, all sets may be unpacked into /usr/src with the command: # cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.tgz In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: MD5 MD5 digests in the format produced by the com- mand: cksum -a MD5 file. SHA512 SHA512 digests in the format produced by the command: cksum -a SHA512 file. The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a wider range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release files. NetBSD/hp300 subdirectory structure The hp300-specific portion of the NetBSD 10.1 release is found in the hp300 subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-10.1/hp300/. It contains the following files and directories: INSTALL.html INSTALL.ps INSTALL.txt INSTALL.more Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The .more file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. binary/ kernel/ netbsd-GENERIC.gz A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for every- thing supported in this release. netbsd-RAMDISK.gz A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for all of the hardware supported in this release with an embedded ramdisk-based installer. This is the same kernel that is present on the miniroot filesystem, but uses a newer more user-friendly installation program. netbsd-RAMDISK.symbols.gz Symbols for netbsd-RAMDISK.gz. sets/ hp300 binary distribution sets; see below. installation/ miniroot/ hp300 miniroot file system image; see below. misc/ Miscellaneous hp300 installation utilities; see installation section below. HP-IB.geometry A file containing geometry for some HB-IB disk drives. SYS_INST.gz A gzipped copy of the SYS_INST mini- root installation program. This is only necessary if you can't use the RAMDISK based installer. SYS_UBOOT.gz A gzipped copy of the universal boot block. Supports Network, tape and disk booting. This is useful if you are installing a diskless NetBSD/hp300 sys- tem. Binary distribution sets The NetBSD hp300 binary distribution sets contain the bina- ries which comprise the NetBSD 10.1 release for hp300. The binary distribution sets can be found in the hp300/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD 10.1 distribu- tion tree, and are as follows: base The NetBSD 10.1 hp300 base binary distribution. You must install this distribution set. It con- tains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. comp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. debug This distribution set contains debug information for all base system utilities. It is useful when reporting issues with binaries or during develop- ment. This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it. etc This distribution set contains the system configu- ration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set must be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading. games This set includes the games and their manual pages. kern-GENERIC This set contains a NetBSD/hp300 10.1 GENERIC ker- nel, named /netbsd. You must install this distri- bution set. man This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the man- ual pages that are included in the other sets. misc This set includes the system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from /usr/share. modules This set includes kernel modules to add functional- ity to a running system. modules This set includes kernel modules to add functional- ity to a running system. rescue This set includes the statically linked emergency recovery binaries installed in /rescue. text This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibil- ity. These sources are based on X.Org. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xbase The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. xcomp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. xdebug This distribution set contains debug information for all X11 binaries. It is useful when reporting issues with these binaries or during development. This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it. xfont Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients. xetc Configuration files for X which could be locally modified. xserver The X server. The hp300 binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted below the current directory. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the tar -xzpf command from the root directory ( / ) of your system. Note: Each directory in the hp300 binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source dis- tribution does. NetBSD/hp300 System Requirements and Supported Devices NetBSD/hp300 10.1 will run on most HP 9000/300- and 400-series machines. The smallest amount of RAM that has been tested is 4 MB. If you wish to run X, more RAM is rec- ommended. Supported hardware o CPUs - 318 (16 MHz 68020, with built-in monochrome framebuffer, no expansion) - 319 (16 MHz 68020, with built-in 6 bit color framebuffer, no expansion) - 320 (16 MHz 68020, 16 KB L2 cache, up to 7.5 MB RAM) Requires Human Interface board - 330 (16 MHz 68020, 4 MB on motherboard, up to 8 MB RAM) Requires Human Interface board - 332 (16 MHz 68030, optional 68882, up to 8 MB RAM) - 340 (16 MHz 68030, up to 16 MB RAM) - 345 (50 MHz 68030 with 32 KB L2 cache, up to 128 MB RAM, built-in SCSI) - 350 (25 MHz 68020, 32 KB L2 cache, up to 48 MB RAM) Requires Human Interface board - 360 (25 MHz 68030, with 4 MB RAM built-in, up to 16 MB RAM) Requires System Interface board - 362 (25 MHz 68030, up to 16 MB RAM, built-in SCSI) - 370 (33 MHz 68030, 64 KB L2 cache, up to 48 MB RAM) Requires System Interface board - 375 (50 MHz 68030 with 32 KB L2 cache, up to 128 MB RAM, built-in SCSI) - 380 (25 MHz 68040, up to 128 MB RAM, built-in SCSI) - 382 (25 MHz 68040, up to 32 MB RAM, built-in SCSI) - 385 (33 MHz 68040, up to 128 MB RAM, built-in SCSI) - 400s, 400t, 400dl (50 MHz 68030 with 32 KB L2 cache, built-in SCSI, up to 128 MB RAM) - 425s, 425t, 425dl (25 MHz 68040 with built-in SCSI, up to 128 MB RAM) - 425e (25 MHz 68040, built-in SCSI) The BootROM does not support serial console. The NetBSD/hp300 bootloader and kernel will use the serial port for console if `SERVICE/NORMAL' switch on the back panel is turned to `SERVICE' position. - 433s, 433t, 433dl (33 MHz 68040 with built-in SCSI, up to 128 MB RAM) o HP-IB devices - rd; CS80 disks: 2200, 2202, 2203, 7908, 7911, 7912, 7914, 7933, 7936, 7937, 7941, 7945, 7946, 7957, 7958, and 7959 Emulated CS80 disks by HPDisk: http://www.dalton.ax/hpdisk/ and HPDrive: https://www.hp9845.net/9845/projects/hpdrive/ also work. - rd; CS80 floppy disks: 9122, 9134 (possibly others) Requires use of HP-UX LIF utilities via HP-UX emulation - ct; CS80 Low-density 16 track cartridge (67 MB): 7912, 7914, 7946, and 9144 Cannot read or write to 32 track tapes - ct; CS80 High-density 32 track cartridge (134 MB): 9145 Cannot write to 16 track tapes (read only) - mt; CS80 Half-inch tape: 7974A, 7978A/B, 7979A, 7980A, and 7980XC. Note: You should connect HP-IB tape drives and printers to the slow HP-IB inter- face and hard drives to the fast HP-IB interface (if present). o SCSI devices - sd; SCSI hard drives - cd; SCSI CD-ROM drives - sd; SCSI Magneto-optical drives - st; SCSI tape drives: HP 35450A (DDS-1 DAT), Exabyte EXB-8200 (8mm), Archive (QIC-24), Ar- chive Viper (QIC-60), Archive Viper (QIC-150), Archive Python 25501 (DAT), and Archive Python 28849 (DAT) - ch; SCSI autochangers o Serial interfaces - com; Built-in single serial port on System Interface board and Human Interface board - com; Built-in Apollo 4-port on Series 400 workstations - dcm; 98638 8-port (DIO-II board, appears to kernel as two 98642 devices) - dcm; 98642 4-port (DIO-I board) - com; 98626, 98644 built-in or add-on (DIO-I board) single serial port Note: See the FAQ for more detailed specs and information on configuring: http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/hp300/faq.html#serialinfo o Network interfaces - le; 98643 built-in and add-on (DIO-I board) ethernet cards. o Graphics Devices - 98542 monochrome Topcat (512x400, 1 bit, DIO- II) - 98543 color Topcat (512x400, 4 bits, DIO-II) - 98544 monochrome Topcat (1024x768, 1 bit, DIO- II) - 98545A color Topcat (1024x768, 4 bits, DIO-II) - 98547 color Topcat (1024x768, 6 bits) - 98548A monochrome Catseye (1024x768, 1 bit) - 98549A color Catseye (1024x768, 6 bits) - 98550A Catseye Hi-Res Color (a.k.a. CH) (1280x1024 @ 60 Hz, 8 bits, DIO-II) - 98700 and 98710 Gatorbox (1280x1024 @ 60 Hz, 4 or 8 bits) Requires 98287 (DIO-I board) to connect to workstation - 98720 and 98721 color Renaissance SRX (1280x1024 @ 60 Hz, 8, 12 or 24 bits) Requires 98724 (DIO-I board) or 98725 (DIO-II board) to connect to workstation - 98730 and 98731 DaVinci TurboSRX (1280x1024 @ 60 Hz, 8, 16, or 24 bits) Requires 98726A (DIO-II board) to connect to workstation - A1096A monochrome Hyperion (1280x1024, 1 bit) - A1416A Kathmandu (a.k.a. Color VRX) (1280x1024 @ 60 hz, 8 bits, DIO-II) - A1659A CRX (1280x1024 @ 72 hz, 8 bits, SGC) - 98705 Tigershark PersonalVRX DIO-II graphics device Untested - internal video on models 362/382 (A1474-69511 and A147x-69510) No X server support - 425e built-in EVRX framebuffer o HP-HIL devices - Keyboards - Two and three button mice - Three button trackballs (M1309A) - 46094 Quadrature Port (supports normal serial mice) - Graphics tablets - Dial boxes - ID modules o Miscellaneous boards/interfaces - 98265A/98652 SCSI interface (DIO-I board, daughtercard for 98562, or built-in) - 98561 Human Interface board (DIO-I board with serial port, HP-HIL, and HP-IB) - 98562 System Interface board (DIO-II board with serial port, HP-HIL, HP-IB, DMA, and eth- ernet, has optional fast HP-IB or SCSI daugh- terboard) - 98620 DMA card (DIO-I board, for use with 98561) - 98624 HP-IB interface (DIO-I board or built- in) - 98625A and 98625B 'fast' HP-IB interface (DIO- I board or daughtercard for 98562) - Apollo Domain keyboard and mouse on Series 400 workstations - ``ARCOFI'' audio device on 425e Each serial interface has its own quirks, and some of them use non-standard pins. The FAQ describes how to configure and connect serial consoles to hp300 systems. http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/hp300/faq.html#serialconsole When you try booting from a system with a framebuffer that is not supported by NetBSD/hp300, the screen will turn black, and it will try using the serial port for the con- sole. Unsupported hardware o CPUs - 310 (10 MHz 68010, with built-in monochrome framebuffer, rs232 (25 pin), hil, and slow hpib) o Graphics Devices - 98702 TurboVRX DIO-II graphics device o Miscellaneous boards/interfaces - parallel port, on 345, 362, 375, 380, 382, 382, and Series 400 workstations - EISA support, on Series 400 workstations - Token Ring cards (a.k.a. ATR) - VME bus adapter, on Series 300 workstations - 98628A single port dcl (DIO-I board) - 98625C fast HP-IB option on models 345 and 375 Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media You should wait to decide where to put the NetBSD distribu- tion sets until you have figured out how you are going to boot your system. Refer back to this section after you have done so. Installation is supported from several media types, includ- ing: o CD-ROM / DVD / USB stick o FTP o Remote NFS partition o Tape o Existing NetBSD partitions, if performing an upgrade The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation depend upon which installation medium you choose. The steps for the various media are outlined below. CD-ROM / DVD / USB stick Find out where the distribution set files are on the CD-ROM, DVD or USB stick. Likely locations are binary/sets and hp300/binary/sets. (You only need to know this if you are mixing installer and installation media from different versions - the installer will know the proper default location for the sets it comes with). Proceed to the instructions on installation. FTP The preparations for this instal- lation/upgrade method are easy; all you need to do is make sure that there's an FTP site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution when you're about to install or upgrade. If you don't have DHCP available on your net- work, you will need to know the numeric IP address of that site, and, if it's not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. Once you have this information, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrad- ing. NFS Place the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install into a direc- tory on an NFS server, and make that directory mountable by the machine on which you are installing or upgrading NetBSD. This will probably require modify- ing the /etc/exports file on the NFS server and resetting its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will probably require superuser privileges on the server.) You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS server, and, if you don't have DHCP available on your network and the server is not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the informa- tion mentioned above, you can pro- ceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on pre- paring your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. Tape To install NetBSD from a tape, you need to make a tape that contains the distribution set files, in `tar' format. If you're making the tape on a UNIX-like system, the easiest way to do so is probably something like: # tar -cf tape_device dist_sets where tape_device is the name of the tape device that represents the tape drive you're using. This might be /dev/rst0, or something similar, but it will vary from system to system. In the above example, dist_sets is a list of filenames corresponding to the distribution sets that you wish to place on the tape. For instance, to put the kern-GENERIC, base, and etc distributions on tape (the absolute minimum required for installation), you would do the following: # cd .../NetBSD-10.1 # cd hp300/binary # tar -cf tape_device kern-GENERIC.tgz base.tgz etc.tgz Note: You still need to fill in tape_device in the example. Once you have the files on the tape, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installa- tion, go directly to the section on upgrading. Preparing your System for NetBSD installation There are two installation tools available. The traditional miniroot installer is script-based and may be netbooted or may be dumped to a disk and run locally. The ramdisk kernel with the sysinst installation utility is more flexible, but can only be netbooted and has not been extensively tested. There are several possible installation configurations described in this document. Other configurations are possi- ble, but less common. If you are unable to install based on the information in this document, post a message to port-hp300@NetBSD.org asking for help. The configurations described in this document are as follows: o hp300 netboots SYS_UBOOT from a NetBSD server running rbootd(8), or other server platforms (Linux, FreeBSD, SunOS, Solaris, HP-UX etc.) with YAMAMORI Takenori's sun-rbootd package and then runs the miniroot installa- tion tools or a purely diskless installation from a server on the same subnet (you must have root access). For more information, refer to the NetBSD Diskless HOW- TO at http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/network/netboot/ and http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/network/netboot/rbootd/ o hp300 loads SYS_UBOOT from a local disk, tape, or floppy and then runs the miniroot installation tools or a purely diskless installation from a server as described above. You will need HP-UX on your hp300 if it does not have a SCSI interface or a floppy drive. o hp300 loads SYS_INST from a local disk. You partition the drive and then run the miniroot installation tools from that drive. You will need HP-UX on your hp300 if it does not have a SCSI interface. The preferred method is to use another NetBSD server to net- boot the hp300 client. This procedure will not work on the handful of models which are incapable of netbooting. In particular, the 320, 350, 330, 318, and 319 might not have a recent enough BootROM. The BootROM revision is printed when your workstation is first powered on (or rebooted). Revi- sion B or later will definitely work. BootROMs with numeric revisions such as 1.1 (on a 400s) will netboot without any problems. You can netboot from any built-in or add-on eth- ernet board on a model with a supported BootROM. If you have access to a NetBSD/hp300 system, it is much eas- ier to simply upgrade than to install from scratch. Skip down to the section on Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System Formatting your hard drives NetBSD/hp300 does not have the capability to perform a low- level format of hard drives. SCSI disks can be formatted on any platform with SCSI support and then used on NetBSD/hp300. HP-IB disks can only be formatted by the HP-UX mediainit(1) command. You may need to first create the device nodes for your disk, as HP-UX was never very good about populating /dev/rdsk properly. # mknod /dev/dsk/IDs0 b 0 0xSCID00 # mknod /dev/rdsk/IDs0 c 4 0xSCID00 # mediainit -v /dev/rdsk/IDs0 ID is the HP-IB address (a.k.a. slave) of the disk in hexa- decimal. This is usually between 00 and 07, but possibly up to 1F (31 decimal) . SC is the Select Code of the disk controller. This is usu- ally 07 for slow (i.e. built-in) HP-IB or 0E (14 decimal) for SCSI or fast HP-IB. Designing your disk's partition table This step can sometimes be a real pain, especially when using SYS_INST. It's best to calculate it ahead of time. If you are installing to an HP-IB disk, you will need infor- mation about your disk's geometry, based on 512-byte sec- tors. The file installation/misc/HP-IB.geometry in the dis- tribution has geometry information for several HP-IB disks, but may be incomplete. Geometry may be calculated from an HP-UX /etc/disktab entry, but note that HP-UX geometry is based on 1024 byte sectors, while NetBSD's is based on 512 byte sectors. You should have all partitions start on cylinder boundaries. If you are installing to a SCSI disk, you don't need to worry about the details of the geometry. Just create a disklabel based on the total number of sectors available on the disk. A quick note about partitions: Since the target disk will become the boot disk for your new NetBSD/hp300 installation, you will need to treat the `a' and `c' partitions in a spe- cial manner. Due to the size of the NetBSD/hp300 boot pro- gram (it spills into the area after the disklabel), it is necessary to offset the beginning of the `a' partition. For HP-IB disks, it is best to offset it by one cylinder from the beginning of the disk. For SCSI disks, just offset it by 100 KB (200 sectors). Later, the `c' partition will be marked with the type `boot' and may not be used for a file system. (For those unfamiliar with historic BSD partition conventions, the `c' partition is defined as the `entire disk', or the `raw partition'.) Note: You will need at least a 6 MB swap partition (although 2-3*RAM is recommended) if you are unable to netboot the installer, as the miniroot is tempo- rarily placed in this partition. Here is an example disklabel from a 7959B HP-IB hard drive: # /dev/rrd0a: type: HP-IB disk: rd7959B label: flags: bytes/sector: 512 sectors/track: 42 tracks/cylinder: 9 sectors/cylinder: 378 cylinders: 1572 total sectors: 594216 rpm: 3600 interleave: 1 trackskew: 0 cylinderskew: 0 headswitch: 0 # milliseconds track-to-track seek: 0 # milliseconds drivedata: 0 8 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg] a: 37800 378 4.2BSD 1024 8192 16 # b: 66150 38178 swap 1024 8192 16 # c: 594216 0 boot # (Cyl. 0 - 1571) d: 489888 104328 4.2BSD 1024 8192 16 # Installing the bootstrap program locally For earlier models incapable of netbooting, you need to install the bootstrap program on a bootable local device, such as a hard disk, floppy disk, or tape drive. If you will be booting the miniroot over the network, then you will be installing installation/misc/SYS_UBOOT. If you do not have access to a netboot server to serve the miniroot installer, you can use a primitive bootstrap pro- gram installation/misc/SYS_INST to load the miniroot from a locally attached device (such as a disk, tape or CD-R). This is not recommended, as SYS_INST is difficult to use, buggy, and provides no error checking when partitioning your disk. If your system has SCSI, this is easy. Just take a scratch SCSI disk (hard disk, zip disk, or CD-R) and use any com- puter to dump the bootstrap program to it. For example, to dump it to the sd1 disk on a non-i386 platform: # dd if=SYS_UBOOT of=/dev/sd1c If your system has a floppy drive, you can write the boot- strap program to it using any computer with a floppy drive. You will need to dump it using a utility like rawrite or dd(1). Make sure to read back from the floppy to verify that the file has been written correctly. If your system does not have SCSI or a floppy drive, you will need a bootable operating system on your hp300 so you can write files to the HP-IB device. You should probably write the bootstrap program to the disk you will be installing NetBSD onto. Using HP-UX to write to an HP-IB disk: # dd if=SYS_UBOOT of=/dev/rdsk/IDs0 ID is the HP-IB address (a.k.a. slave) of the disk in hexa- decimal. This is usually between 00 and 07, but possibly up to 1F (31 decimal) . Using HP-UX to write to an HP-IB tape: # dd if=SYS_UBOOT of=/dev/rmt/0mnb obs=20b conv=osync Installing the miniroot file system locally This step is only necessary if you are not loading the mini- root installer from a netboot server. Follow the same pro- cedure for the bootstrap program, except use the uncom- pressed miniroot file system (installation/miniroot/miniroot.fs.gz ) instead of the boot- strap program. The only quirk is that you should place it at the offset of the swap partition you calculated above in the disklabel. In the example disklabel above, the offset is 38178 sectors of 512 bytes. Therefore, the dd(1) command would be something like: # gunzip miniroot.fs.gz # dd if=miniroot.fs of=/dev/rdsk/IDs0 seek=38178b Note the `b' after the offset, which specifies blocks of 512 bytes. By dumping the miniroot to disk where the swap partition will be, you're saving a step later where SYS_INST tries to download the miniroot over NFS. Just make sure that when you enter the partition table into SYS_INST you use the same block offset for the swap partition as you dumped the mini- root. Configuring the netboot server This step will configure your netboot server to provide SYS_UBOOT and the miniroot installer to your hp300. 1. Introduction To netboot a hp300, you must configure one or more servers to provide information and files to your hp300 (the `client'). If you are using NetBSD (any architec- ture) on your netboot server(s), the information pro- vided here should be sufficient to configure every- thing. Additionally, you may wish to look at the diskless(8) manual page and the manual pages for each daemon you'll be configuring. If the server(s) are another operating system, you should consult the NetBSD Diskless HOW-TO, which will walk you through the steps necessary to configure the netboot services on a vari- ety of platforms: https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/network/netboot/ You may either netboot the installer so you can install onto a locally attached disk, or you may run your sys- tem entirely over the network. Briefly, the netboot process involves discovery, boot- strap, kernel and file system stages. In the first stage, the client discovers information about where to find the bootstrap program. Next, it downloads and executes the bootstrap program. The bootstrap program goes through another discovery phase to determine where the kernel is located. The bootstrap program tries to mount the NFS share containing the kernel. Once the kernel is loaded, it starts executing. For RAM disk kernels, it mounts the RAM disk file system and begins executing the installer from the RAM disk. For normal (non-RAM disk) kernels, the kernel tries to mount the NFS share that had the kernel and starts executing the installation tools or init(8). All supported hp300 systems use HP's proprietary RMP (the rbootd(8) daemon) for the first discovery stage and bootstrap download stages. The bootstrap program uses DHCP for its dis- covery stage. NFS is used in both the kernel and file system stages to download the kernel, and to access files on the file server. We will use `CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC' as the MAC address (ethernet hardware address) of your netboot client machine. You should have determined this address in an earlier stage. In this example, we will use `192.168.1.10' as the IP address of your client and `client.test.net' as its name. We will assume you're providing all of your netboot services on one machine called `server.test.net' with the client's files exported from the directory /export/client/root. You should, of course, replace all of these with the names, addresses, and paths appropriate to your environment. You should set up each netboot stage in order (i.e., discovery, bootstrap, kernel, and then file system) so that you can test them as you proceed. 2. rbootd(8) Get SYS_UBOOT from the installation/misc directory of the distribution. # mkdir -p /usr/mdec/rbootd # cp SYS_UBOOT /usr/mdec/rbootd # chmod -R a+rX /usr/mdec/rbootd Create /etc/rbootd.conf with the following line: CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC SYS_UBOOT You will need to start the rbootd. If it's already running, you will need to restart it to force it to re- read its configuration file. If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # /etc/rc.d/rbootd restart If your netboot server is not running NetBSD but other OSs (like Linux, Solaris etc.), you have to use YAMAMORI Takenori's sun-rbootd package instead of native rbootd(8). Please refer the "Setting up the rbootd server" section in the NetBSD Diskless HOW-TO: https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/network/netboot/rbootd/ for details. 3. dhcpd(8) The bootstrap program uses DHCP to discover the loca- tion of the kernel. Put the following lines in your /etc/dhcpd.conf (see dhcpd.conf(5) and dhcp-options(5) for more information): ddns-update-style none; # Do not use any dynamic DNS features # allow bootp; # Allow bootp requests, thus the dhcp server # will act as a bootp server. # authoritative; # master DHCP server for this subnet # subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { # Which network interface to listen on. # The zeros indicate the range of addresses # that are allowed to connect. } group { # Set of parameters common to all clients # in this "group". # option broadcast-address 192.168.1.255; option domain-name "test.net"; option domain-name-servers dns.test.net; option routers router.test.net; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; # # An individual client. # host client.test.net { hardware ethernet CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC; fixed-address 192.168.1.10; # # Name of the host (if the fixed address # doesn't resolve to a simple name). # option host-name "client"; # # The path on the NFS server. # option root-path "/export/client/root"; # # The host address of the NFS server. This is mandatory for # NetBSD kernels even it's the same host as the DHCP server. # next-server server.test.net; } #you may paste another "host" entry here for additional #clients on this network } You will need to make sure that the dhcpd.leases file exists. # touch /var/db/dhcpd.leases You will need to start the dhcpd. If it's already run- ning, you will need to restart it to force it to re- read its configuration file. If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # /etc/rc.d/dhcpd restart 4. nfsd(8), mountd(8), and rpcbind(8) Now your system should be able to load the bootstrap program and start looking for the kernel. Let's set up the NFS server. Create the directory you are exporting for the netboot client: # mkdir -p /export/client/root Put the following line in /etc/exports to enable NFS sharing: /export/client/root -maproot=root client.test.net If your server is currently running an NFS server, you only need to restart mountd(8). Otherwise, you need to start rpcbind(8) and nfsd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # /etc/rc.d/rpcbind start # /etc/rc.d/nfsd start # /etc/rc.d/mountd restart 5. NetBSD kernel and installation tools Now, if you place a kernel named netbsd in /export/client/root your client should boot the kernel. If you are netbooting the installer, you can use either the traditional miniroot-based installer installation/miniroot/miniroot.fs.gz or the experimen- tal RAM disk-based installer binary/kernel/netbsd-RAMDISK.gz. To use the miniroot-based installer, mount the miniroot file system on your netboot server. This procedure does not work on any operating system other than NetBSD. You'll also need to either set up a new NFS share point or an FTP server for the distribution files, as they won't fit inside the miniroot file sys- tem. # gunzip miniroot.fs.gz # vnconfig -c /dev/vnd0c /path/to/miniroot.fs # mount -o ro /dev/vnd0c /export/client/root # ls /export/client/root .profile dist/ install.md mnt/ sbin/ usr/ bin/ etc/ install.sub mnt2/ tmp/ var/ dev/ install* kern/ netbsd* upgrade* If there are no files present in your exported direc- tory, then something is wrong. To use the RAM disk-based installer, uncompress and rename the kernel. Also, copy the distribution files to the client's root directory. # cp *.tgz /export/client/root # gunzip netbsd-RAMDISK.gz # mv netbsd-RAMDISK /export/client/root/netbsd If you are running your hp300 diskless, simply use binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz. 6. Client file system You can skip this step if you do not plan to run your client diskless after installation. Otherwise, you need to extract and set up the client's installation of NetBSD. The Diskless HOW-TO describes how to provide better security and save space on the NFS server over the procedure listed here. See for details: https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/network/netboot/nfs.html. o Extracting distribution sets # cd /export/client/root # tar -xpzf /path/to/files/base.tgz # tar -xpzf /path/to/files/etc.tgz Continue with the other non-essential distribution sets if desired. o Set up swap # mkdir /export/client/root/swap # dd if=/dev/zero of=/export/client/swap bs=4k count=4k # echo '/export/client/swap -maproot=root:wheel client.test.net' >> /etc/exports # /etc/rc.d/mountd restart This creates a 16 MB swap file and exports it to the client. o Create device nodes # cd /export/client/root/dev # ./MAKEDEV all This procedure only works on NetBSD hosts. o Set up the client's fstab(5) Create a file in /export/client/root/etc/fstab with the following lines: server:/export/client/swap none swap sw,nfsmntpt=/swap server:/export/client/root / nfs rw 0 0 o Set up the client's rc.conf(5) Edit /export/client/root/etc/rc.conf rc_configured=YES hostname="client" defaultroute="192.168.1.1" nfs_client=YES auto_ifconfig=NO net_interfaces="" Make sure rc does not reconfigure the network device since it will lose its connection to the NFS server with your root file system. o Set up the client's hosts(5) file. Edit /export/client/root/etc/hosts ::1 localhost 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.1.10 client.test.net client 192.168.1.5 server.test.net server 7. Setting up the server daemons If you want these services to start up every time you boot your server, make sure the following lines are present in your /etc/rc.conf: rbootd=YES rbootd_flags="" dhcpd=YES dhcpd_flags="-q" nfs_server=YES # enable server daemons mountd=YES rpcbind=YES rpcbind_flags="-l" # -l logs libwrap Put Series 400 systems in HP-UX Compatible Boot Mode Series 400 systems can be configured to boot either HP-UX or DomainOS. To boot NetBSD/hp300 you must have your system configured in `HP-UX Compatible Boot Mode'. If, when you power on your machine, it does not present a menu like the following, then you need to change your configuration. Copyright 1990, Hewlett-Packard Company. All Rights Reserved. BOOTROM Series 400 Rev. 1.1 MD12 REV 1.2 1990/08/07.14:27:08 [...] 1. Attach a Domain keyboard or an HIL keyboard. The BootROM knows how to use either, even if NetBSD doesn't yet. 2. Put your system into `service mode'. For a 4XXs, there's a toggle switch on the back of the machine (near the top). For a 4XXt or 4XXdl, press the green button on the front, behind the silly door. For a 425e, there's a toggle switch on the back of the machine (in the middle). The second green LED should light up. 3. Reset the machine. Press the reset button. For a 4XXs, there's a small plunger on the back of the machine (near the top). For a 4XXt or 4XXdl, there's a white button on the front, behind the silly door. For a 425e, there's a button on the back of the machine. 4. Press RETURN to get the Domain boot prompt (> ). You can type H to get a list of available commands. 5. Type the following sequence of commands to convert to `HP-UX Compatible Boot Mode'. > CF Type [key] RETURN ? 2 Type [key] RETURN ? 2 Type T or P RETURN ? P Type [key] RETURN ? E 6. Be sure to turn `service mode' off when you're done. It may prevent you from selecting which device to boot from. See the FAQ for additional help. http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/hp300/faq.html#domain Searching for a bootable system All the early hp300 Boot ROMs are very primitive and only allow a few simple operations. You can only interact with it after it is first powered on. If you reboot the machine, it will ignore anything you type and start loading the same OS you previously booted. At any time after it recognizes the keyboard, while it is doing its self test or searching for a bootable system, you can hit reset to return it to a cold-boot configuration. On HIL keyboards, this is control-shift-break, where break is the key in the upper left (where escape is on sane key- boards). There is no equivalent over serial terminal, you'll need to power-cycle your machine. After it beeps (i.e. recognizes the HIL keyboard), press RETURN twice to get the list of bootable devices. SEARCHING FOR A SYSTEM (RETURN To Pause) The newer HP Boot ROM, present on Series 400 machines and some of the later 300s (345, 375, 380, 382, 385) is capable of a little bit more. To select which device to boot from, press RETURN once after it beeps twice (i.e. recognizes the HIL keyboard) to get the list of bootable devices. RESET To Power-Up, SPACE clears input Select System, type RETURN ? The FAQ lists additional things you can do with the BootROM and describes the order the BootROM looks for bootable devices. http://www.NetBSD.org/ports/hp300/faq.html A normal power-on sequence (from a 400s) looks something like this: Copyright 1990, Hewlett-Packard Company. All Rights Reserved. BOOTROM Series 400 Rev. 1.1 MD12 REV 1.2 1990/08/07.14:27:08 MC68030 Processor MC68882 Coprocessor Configuration EEPROM Utility Chip at 41 HP-HIL.Keyboard RESET To Power-Up Loading Memory Self-Test Mode RESET To Power-Up, SPACE clears input Select System, type RETURN HP-IB DMA-C0 Self-Test Mode RAM 33554158 Bytes HP98644 (RS-232) at 9 HP PARALLEL at 12 HP98265 (SCSI S 32) at 14 HP98643 (LAN) at 21, AUI, 080009115DB3 Bit Mapped Video at 133 (Console) System Search Mode :RODIME RO3000T, 1406, 0 1Z SYS_UBOOT :LAN080009115DB3, 2100, 0 2Z SYS_UBOOT :HP7959, 702, 0, 0 1H SYSHPUX 1D SYSDEBUG 1B SYSBCKUP :HP9122, 0700, 0, 0 3Z SYS_INST You should see your bootstrap program somewhere in this list. If it's not here, then your hp300 can't boot it and there's a problem somewhere. To boot from a particular device, type in the two character name for it and press RETURN. In this example, you'd type 2Z to boot from the network. Selecting ethernet port on Series 400 Series 400 machines have two ethernet media types built into the motherboard. You may only use one at a time. When your Series 400 workstation goes through the self-test when pow- ered on or rebooted, it will say one of the following: HP98643 (LAN) at 21, AUI HP98643 (LAN) at 21, Thin If the wrong type of network is selected, you will need to change the ethernet port. You will need to open the case (4XXt, 4XXdl, 4XXe) or remove the motherboard (4XXs) to access the jumper. Be sure to use static-prevention mea- sures, as you could easily fry your motherboard from care- lessness. If you are uncomfortable with this, ask a friend who is aware of these issues. There is a block of 8 jumpers at the rear of the motherboard, labeled AUI/Thin. You will need to put the jumpers in the position necessary for your type of ethernet. Running SYS_INST This step is necessary only if you cannot netboot. Chose SYS_INST from the list of bootable devices that the BootROM found. SYS_INST will load and prompt you for a com- mand. A quick note about disk numbers: While in the SYS_INST pro- gram, you may use different unit numbers for the disks than when the NetBSD kernel is running. The unit number for a disk while in SYS_INST is calculated with the following for- mula: unit = (controller * 8) + slaveID Controllers are numbered 0, 1, ... starting with the lowest select code. SCSI controllers and HP-IB controllers are counted separately. Therefore, if you had a system with an internal HP-IB interface at select code 7, a fast HP-IB interface at select code 14, and a SCSI interface at select code 16, unit numbers might be something like the following: Location Unit HP-IB at 7, slaveID 2 2 (disk: rd2) HP-IB at 14, slaveID 5 13 (disk: rd13) SCSI at 16, slaveID 0 0 (disk: sd0) You will need to place a disklabel on the disk. sys_inst> disklabel Note: It may be worth selecting the zap option initially to ensure that the disklabel area is clear. This may be especially important if an HP-UX boot block had been previously installed on the disk. Select the edit option, and answer the questions about your disk. There may be several questions which you may not be sure of the answers to. Listed below are guidelines for SCSI and HP-IB disks: Bad sectoring? NO Ecc? NO Interleave? 1 Trackskew? 0 Cylinderskew? 0 Headswitch? 0 Track-to-track? 0 Drivedata 0-4? 0 (for all Drivedata values) Next, you will be asked to fill out the partition map. You must provide responses for all 8 partitions. Remember, you must have the sector offset for the `b' partition match the location you dumped the miniroot file system image. Set the size and offset of any unused partition to 0. Note that sizes and offsets are expressed in `n sectors', assuming 512 byte sectors. Care should be taken to ensure that parti- tions begin and end on cylinder boundaries (i.e. size and offset is an even multiple of the number of sectors per cylinder). While this is not technically necessary, it is generally encouraged. Note: When setting the partition type of the `b' partition, make sure to specify it as an ffs partition so that the miniroot can be mounted (even if this will be a swap partition). You will be given a chance to clean this up later in the installation process. Once you have edited the label, select the show option to verify that it is correct. If so, select write and done. Otherwise, you may re-edit the label. In an earlier step, we already copied the miniroot image to the target disk. Boot from the miniroot file system. sys_inst> boot Enter the disk from which to boot. The kernel in the mini- root file system will be booted into single-user mode. Choosing a kernel location Once the bootstrap program SYS_UBOOT has started, it will pause and let you chose a kernel location, name, and options: >> NetBSD/hp300 Primary Boot, Revision 1.13 >> (gregm@mcgarry, Mon Apr 15 08:46:32 NZST 2002) >> HP 9000/425e SPU >> Enter "reset" to reset system. Boot: [[[le0a:]netbsd][-a][-c][-d][-s][-v][-q]] :- If your kernel is on a different device than SYS_UBOOT then you will need to type in where to find it. This is the case, for example, if your model is incapable of netbooting and you started SYS_UBOOT from a floppy, and the miniroot installer is on a netboot server. In this case, you'd type in `le0' at the prompt. If you've installed the miniroot on your disk, you can always boot from that by using partition `b' when prompted by SYS_UBOOT. For example, to boot the miniroot from an HP- IB disk on controller 0 at slave ID 2, you'd type: Boot: [[[rd0a:]netbsd][-a][-c][-d][-s][-v][-q]] :- rd2b:netbsd Installing the NetBSD System The miniroot's install program is very simple to use. It will guide you through the entire process, and is well auto- mated. If you need to restart the installer, hit Control-C which will return you to a shell prompt. From there, just start it over: # ./install The experimental RAM disk-based installer is not described here, but is very self-explanatory. The miniroot's install program will: 1. Allow you to place disklabels on additional disks. Note that partition sizes and offsets are expressed in sectors. When you fill out the disklabel, you will need to specify partition types and file system parame- ters. If you're unsure what these values should be, use the following: fstype: 4.2BSD fsize: 1024 bsize: 4096 cpg: 16 If the partition will be a swap partition, use the fol- lowing: fstype: swap fsize: 0 (or blank) bsize: 0 (or blank) cpg: 0 (or blank) You will also need to specify the number of partitions. The number of partitions is determined by the `index' of the last partition letter, where a = 1, b = 2, etc. Therefore, if the last filled partition is partition `g', there are 7 partitions. Any partitions with size of 0 may be removed from the list. Anything after a `#' is a comment. The following is an example disklabel partition map: 7 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg] a: 30912 448 4.2BSD 1024 8192 16 # (Cyl. 1 - 69) b: 130816 31360 swap # (Cyl. 70 - 361) c: 1296512 0 boot # (Cyl. 0 - 2893) e: 81984 162176 4.2BSD 1024 8192 16 # (Cyl. 362 - 544) f: 102592 244160 4.2BSD 1024 4096 16 # (Cyl. 545 - 773) g: 949760 346752 4.2BSD 1024 8192 16 # (Cyl. 774 - 2893) 2. Create file systems on target partitions. 3. Allow you to set up your system's network configura- tion. Remember to specify host names without the domain name appended to the end. For example use foo instead of foo.bar.org. If, during the process of con- figuring the network interfaces, you make a mistake, you will be able to re-configure that interface by sim- ply selecting it for configuration again. 4. Mount target file systems. You will be given the opportunity to manually edit the resulting /etc/fstab. 5. Extract binary sets from the media of your choice. 6. Copy configuration information gathered during the installation process to your root file system (/). 7. Make device nodes in your root file system under /dev. 8. Copy a new kernel onto your root partition (/). 9. Install a new boot block. 10. Check your file systems for integrity. First-time installation on a system through a method other than the installation program is possible, but strongly dis- couraged. Post installation steps Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state. The most important steps are described below. 1. Before all else, read postinstall(8). 2. Configuring /etc/rc.conf If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of /etc/rc.conf (sysinst normally will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (/) mounted read-only. When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a /bin/sh prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with hp300h for a local console, or whatever is appropriate for your serial console. and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # stty erase '^h' # stty erase '^?' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with: # /sbin/mount -u -w / Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can pro- ceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line doc- umentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). When you have finished editing /etc/rc.conf, type exit at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and con- tinue with the multi-user boot. Other values that may need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked environment are hostname and possibly defaultroute. You may also need to add an ifconfig_int for your network interface, along the lines of ifconfig_le0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts: ifconfig_le0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventurous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more information. Instead of manually configuring networking, DHCP can be used by setting dhcpcd=YES in /etc/rc.conf. 3. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. If you didn't set a password in sysinst, there is no initial password. You should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root. 4. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your sys- tem. Do not edit /etc/passwd directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database. 5. The X Window System If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the chapter about X in the NetBSD Guide: https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/guide/en/chap-x.html: Also, you may want to read through the NetBSD/hp300 FAQ entry on X11: https://www.NetBSD.org/ports/hp300/faq.html#x11. 6. Installing third-party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system, pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes nec- essary to make the software run on NetBSD. This includes the retrieval and installation of any other packages the software may depend upon. o More information on the package system is available at https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/software/packages.html o A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/README.html o Precompiled binaries can be found at https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/ usually in the hp300/10.1/All subdir. If you installed pkgin(1) in the sysinst post-installation configuration menu, you can use it to automatically install binary packages over the network. Assuming that /usr/pkg/etc/pkgin/repositories.conf is cor- rectly configured, you can install them with the following commands: # pkgin install tcsh bash perl apache xfce4 firefox ... The above command will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, Xfce desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on. If it was not automatically installed, pkgin(1) can be installed on a fresh NetBSD system with pkg_add(1): export PKG_PATH=https://cdn.netbsd.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/$(uname -p)/$(uname -r | cut -d_ -f1)/All pkg_add pkgin o If you wish to use the pkgsrc(7) framework for com- piling packages and did not install it from the sysinst(8) post-installation configuration menu, you can obtain it by retrieving the file https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/stable/pkgsrc.tar.gz. It is typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though other locations work fine) with the commands: # cd /usr # tar -zxpf pkgsrc.tar.gz After extracting, see the doc/pkgsrc.txt file in the extraction directory (e.g., /usr/pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.txt) for more information. 7. Misc o Edit /etc/mail/aliases to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. o Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use. o Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of the manual; so just invoking # man 5 filename is likely to give you more information on these files. Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System It is possible to easily upgrade your existing NetBSD/hp300 system using the upgrade program in the miniroot or by manu- ally performing the same steps as the miniroot upgrade pro- gram. Upgrading using the miniroot If you wish to upgrade your system by this method, simply select the upgrade option once the miniroot has booted. The upgrade program with then guide you through the procedure. While you can boot the miniroot using the same methods described above for a fresh install of NetBSD/hp300 there are easier and less intrusive options since your disk is already labeled and bootable. The easiest is to dump the miniroot to your swap partition and boot from that. 1. Download the files you'll need to upgrade In particular, make sure you have on your locally mounted file systems base.tgz and miniroot.fs.gz 2. Boot your hp300 into `single-user mode': Follow the instructions in the section above on Choosing a kernel location and type -s at the prompt. 3. Extract and install a new boot block: Make sure you install the bootstrap program distributed with this version of NetBSD/hp300. # tar -xpvzf base.tgz ./usr/mdec # disklabel -B -b ./usr/mdec/uboot.lif root-disk E.g.: root-disk could be sd0 or rd0. We'll assume rd0 for now. 4. Install the miniroot file system: First make sure that your `b' partition has enough room for the uncompressed miniroot (otherwise it might over- write another partition or the end of the disk). # gunzip miniroot.fs.gz # dd if=miniroot.fs of=/dev/rd0b 5. Boot the miniroot: Follow the instructions in the section above on Choosing a kernel location and type rd0b:netbsd at the prompt. The upgrade program will: 1. Enable the network based on your system's current net- work configuration. 2. Mount your existing file systems. 3. Extract binary sets from the media of your choice. 4. Fixup your system's existing /etc/fstab, changing the occurrences of ufs to ffs and let you edit the result- ing file. 5. Make new device nodes in your root file system under /dev. 6. Don't forget to extract the kern set from the distribu- tion. Note: The existing kernel will not be backed up; doing so would be pointless, since older kernels may not be capable of running NetBSD 10.1 executables. 7. Install a new boot block. 8. Check your file systems for integrity. 9. You'll have to reboot your system manually Manual upgrade While using the miniroot's upgrade program is the preferred method of upgrading your system, it is possible to upgrade your system manually. To do this, follow the following pro- cedure: 1. Place at least the base binary set in a file system accessible to the target machine. A local file system is preferred, since the NFS subsystem in the NetBSD 10.1 kernel may be incompatible with your old binaries. 2. Back up your pre-existing kernel and copy the 10.1 ker- nel into your root partition (/). 3. Extract and install a new boot block: Make sure you install the bootstrap program distributed with this version of NetBSD/hp300. # tar -xpvzf base.tgz ./usr/mdec # disklabel -B -b ./usr/mdec/uboot.lif root-disk E.g.: root-disk could be sd0 or rd0. 4. Reboot with the 10.1 kernel into single-user mode. 5. Check all file systems: # /sbin/fsck -pf 6. Mount all local file systems: # /sbin/mount -a -t nonfs 7. If you keep /usr or /usr/share on an NFS server, you will want to mount those file systems as well. To do this, you will need to enable the network: # sh /etc/rc.d/network start 8. Make sure you are in the root file system (/) and extract the base binary set: # cd / # pax -zrvpe -f /path/to/base.tgz 9. Sync the file systems: # sync 10. At this point you may extract any other binary sets you may have placed on local file systems, or you may wish to extract additional sets at a later time. To extract these sets, use the following commands: # cd / # pax -zrvpe -f path_to_set Note: You should not extract the etc set if upgrading. Instead, you should extract that set into another area and carefully merge the changes by hand. Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 10.1. Note that sysinst will automatically invoke postinstall fix and thus all issues that are fixed by postinstall by default will be handled. In NetBSD 9 and earlier, filesystems listed in /etc/fstab would be mounted before non-legacy zfs filesystems. Starting from NetBSD 10 this order has been reversed. If you have ever run a version of NetBSD -current between April 18, 2020 and September 23, 2022 (the version numbers used in the affected time range are between 9.99.56 and 9.99.106) your FFS file systems might have broken extended attributes stored. You should follow this guide: https://wiki.netbsd.org/features/UFS2ea/ before booting the updated system multi-user for the first time. Note that you do not need to do anything special if you never did run any affected kernel, especially if you have never run NetBSD -current. The display drivers used for modern GPUs and the whole sub- system supporting it (DRM/KMS) have been updated to a newer version. Unfortunately not all issues with this have been resolved before the NetBSD 10.0 release. You can find a list of issues in the Open issues with new DRM/KMS: https://wiki.netbsd.org/releng/netbsd-10/ section of the release engineering wiki page. A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 10.1 release. See the ``Components removed from NetBSD'' section near the beginning of this document for a list. Using online NetBSD documentation Documentation is available if you installed the manual dis- tribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documenta- tion) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are o intro(1), o man(1), o apropos(1), o passwd(1), and o passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several cate- gories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administra- tive information is in section 8. The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man [section] topic. The brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest num- bered section name will be displayed. For instance, after logging in, enter # man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the docu- mentation for passwd(5), enter # man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter # apropos subject-word where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of pos- sibly related man pages will be displayed. Administrivia If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@NetBSD.org. See https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/ for details. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and questions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd-comments@NetBSD.org. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web inter- face at https://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/ If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with NetBSD, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-users@NetBSD.org. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appro- priate list about it. If you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. Thanks go to o The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, including (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their work on BSD systems, support, and encourage- ment. o The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers. o The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. o The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting the build cluster. o The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. o Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. o We list the individuals and organizations that have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at https://www.NetBSD.org/donations/ (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to ver- ify that you wanted to be listed.) o Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in Jan- uary, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!) Legal Mumbo-Jumbo All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or regis- tered trademarks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this docu- ment: NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foun- dation. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foun- dation, Inc. and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project. 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This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Simi- lar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU). The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html. This notice shall appear on any product containing this material. In the following statement, "This software" refers to the parallel port driver: This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. Some files have the following copyright: Mach Operating System Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon Univer- sity All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro- vided that both the copyright notice and this permis- sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de- rivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABIL- ITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Dis- tribution@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Carnegie-Mellon University. All rights reserved. Author: Chris G. Demetriou Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro- vided that both the copyright notice and this permis- sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de- rivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS" CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Dis- tribution@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright 1996 The Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies. Stanford Uni- versity makes no representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty. The End NetBSD/hp300 10.1 Dec 17, 2024 NetBSD/hp300 10.1