About this Document What is NetBSD? Changes Between The NetBSD 9 and 10 Releases Features to be removed in a later release The NetBSD Foundation Sources of NetBSD NetBSD 10.1 Release Contents NetBSD/mvme68k subdirectory structure Binary distribution sets NetBSD/mvme68k System Requirements and Supported Devices Supported VME147 hardware Supported VME162/VME172 hardware Supported VME167/VME177 hardware Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Creating boot/install tapes Boot/Install from NFS server Install/Upgrade from CD-ROM Install/Upgrade via FTP Preparing your System for NetBSD installation Installing the NetBSD System Installing from tape Installing from NFS Booting the miniroot Miniroot install program: Running the sysinst installation program Introduction General Quick install Booting NetBSD Network configuration Installation drive selection and parameters Selecting which sets to install Partitioning the disk Preparing your hard disk Getting the distribution sets Installation from CD-ROM Installation using FTP Installation using NFS Installation from an unmounted file system Installation from a local directory Extracting the distribution sets Configure additional items Finalizing your installation Post installation steps Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System Upgrading using the miniroot Manual upgrade Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Using online NetBSD documentation Administrivia Thanks go to Legal Mumbo-Jumbo The End
This document describes the installation procedure for
NetBSD
10.1 on the
mvme68k
platform.
It is available in four different formats titled
INSTALL.ext,
where
.ext
is one of
.ps, .html, .more,
or .txt:
.ps.html.moremore(1)
and
less(1)
pager utility programs.
This is the format in which the on-line
man
pages are generally presented.
.txtYou are reading the HTML version.
The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional open-source operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on many different different system architectures (ports) across a variety of distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 10.1 release contains complete binary releases for most of these system architectures, with preliminary support for the others included in source form. For more information please visit https://www.NetBSD.org/.
NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code.
NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, NetBSD would not exist.
The NetBSD 10.1 release provides many significant changes, including support for many new devices, hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and numerous userland enhancements. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems.
One important new feature in this release is the support for extended attributes and access control lists on FFS file systems.
For new installations the installer will by default disable these features, so the file system is compatible with older NetBSD releases (before 10), and allow other operating systems to mount this file systems at least in read-only mode.
If you want a new installed file system to support extended attributes,
change the file system type from
``FFSv2''
to
``FFSv2ea''
in the partitioning menu.
You can also convert file systems later, using the
fsck_ffs(8)
utility.
More details are available in
this guide.
If you are upgrading from a version of NetBSD-current please also check the Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases.
It is impossible to completely summarize the massive development that
went into the
NetBSD
10.1 release.
The complete list of changes can be found in
CHANGES
CHANGES-10.1
which are also present in the top level directory of the
NetBSD 10.1 release tree.
groff(1).
Man pages are now handled with
mandoc(1),
and
groff(1)
can still be found in pkgsrc as
textproc/groff.
pf(4).
This packet filter is obsolete and unmaintained in
NetBSD.
It will be eventually removed due to possible long-standing
security issues and lack of multiprocessor support.
New installations should use
npf(7).
The
NetBSD
Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corporation
that devotes itself to the traditional goals and spirit of the
NetBSD
Project and owns the trademark of the word
``NetBSD''.
It supports the design, development, and adoption of
NetBSD
worldwide.
More information on the
NetBSD
Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at:
https://www.NetBSD.org/foundation/
Refer to
mirrors
The root directory of the NetBSD 10.1 release is organized as follows:
.../NetBSD-10.1/
CHANGESCHANGES-10.0CHANGES-10.1CHANGES.prevLAST_MINUTEREADME.filesimages/source/In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 10.1 has a binary distribution.
The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the
source
subdirectory of the distribution tree.
They contain the complete sources to the system.
The source distribution sets are as follows:
config(1)
utility.
All the above source sets are located in the
source/sets
subdirectory of the distribution tree.
The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files.
Except for the
pkgsrc
set, which is traditionally unpacked into
/usr/pkgsrc,
all sets may be unpacked into
/usr/src
with the command:
# cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.tgz
In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory:
MD5SHA512The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a wider range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release files.
mvme68k
subdirectory of the distribution:
.../NetBSD-10.1/mvme68k/.
It contains the following files and directories:
INSTALL.htmlINSTALL.psINSTALL.txtINSTALL.more.more
file contains underlined text using the
more(1)
conventions for indicating italic and bold display.
binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gznetbsd-VME147.gznetbsd-VME162.gznetbsd-VME167.gznetbsd-VME172.gznetbsd-VME177.gzsets/installation/miniroot/netboot/tapeimage/mvme68k/binary/sets
subdirectory
of the
NetBSD
10.1
distribution tree, and are as follows:
/usr/include)
and the various system libraries (except the shared
libraries, which are included as part of the
base
set).
This set also includes the manual pages for
all of the utilities it contains, as well as the
system call and library manual pages.
/etc
and in several other places.
This set
must
be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should
not
be used if you are upgrading.
GENERIC
kernel, named
/netbsd.
You
must
install this distribution set.
/usr/share.
/rescue.
groff(1),
all related programs, and their manual pages.
NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on X.Org. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are:
The mvme68k binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files
named with the extension
.tgz,
e.g.
base.tgz.
The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally
well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that
method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore
the files are extracted
below the current directory.
Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e.
replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the
tar -xzpf
command from the root directory (
/
) of your system.
The following are included in the
mvme68k/installation
directory:
miniroot/miniroot.gznetboot/sbootnetboottapeimage/stbootbootstnetbsd-RAMDISK.gzGENERIC
kernel and a built in RAMDISK
with just enough tools to partition a disk, dump the miniroot kernel
to it and make the disk bootable.
This must be the third file written to the tape.
NetBSD/mvme68k 10.1 runs on Motorola MVME147 , MVME162 , MVME167 , MVME172 , and MVME177 Single Board Computers.
The minimal configuration requires 8 MB of RAM and ~200 MB of disk space. To install the entire system requires much more disk space. To run X (clients only) or compile the system, more RAM is recommended. Good performance requires 16 MB of RAM, or 32 MB when running the X Window System.
Note that you can install NetBSD 10.1 on a system with only 4 MB of onboard RAM, but you will need to use a VMEbus RAM card with at least another 4 MB to augment the onboard memory in order to actually install the system.
A swap partition of 2-3*RAM is recommended.
Note that the NetBSD/mvme68k installation procedure uses a miniroot image which is placed into the swap area of the disk. The swap partition must be large enough to hold this miniroot image (> 7.5 MB).
If it's not on the above lists, there is no support for it in this release.
Installation is supported from several media types, including:
Note that installing on a `bare' machine requires either a bootable tape drive or an ethernet to a compatible NFS server. MVME147 may also need to be booted over an RS232 connection.
The procedure for transferring the distribution sets onto installation media depends on the type of media. Instructions for each type of media are given below.
In order to create installation media, you will need all the files and subdirectories in these two directories:
.../NetBSD-10.1/mvme68k/installation
.../NetBSD-10.1/mvme68k/binary
The boot tape is created as follows:
# cd .../NetBSD-10.1/mvme68k/installation
# set T = /dev/nrst0
# mt -f $T rewind
# dd if=tapeimage/stboot of=$T obs=8k conv=osync
# dd if=tapeimage/bootst of=$T obs=8k conv=osync
# gzip -dc tapeimage/netbsd-RAMDISK.gz | dd of=$T obs=8k conv=osync
# gzip -dc miniroot/miniroot.fs.gz | dd of=$T obs=8k conv=osync
# mt -f $T rewind
The installation set tape is created as follows:
# cd .../NetBSD-10.1/mvme68k/binary/sets
# set T = /dev/nrst0
# mt -f $T rewind
# for f in base etc comp games man misc rescue text; do
gzip -d < $f.tgz | dd of=$T bs=8k conv=osync
# done
# mt -f $T rewind
If the tape does not work as expected, you may need to explicitly set the EOF mark at the end of each tape segment. Consult the tape-related manual pages on the system where the tapes are created for more details.
If you are using a
NetBSD
system as the boot-server, have a look at
the
diskless(8)
manual page for guidelines on how to proceed with this.
If the server runs another operating system, consult the
documentation that came with it (i.e.
add_client(8)
on
SunOS).
Booting an MVME147 from ethernet is not possible without first downloading a small bootstrap program (sboot) via RS232. See the section entitled Installing from NFS for details on how to accomplish this.
sboot expects to be able to download a second stage bootstrap
program via TFTP after having acquired its IP address through RARP
It will look for a filename derived from the machine's IP address
expressed in hexadecimal, with an extension of
`.147'.
For example, an MVME147 with IP address 130.115.144.11 will make an TFTP
request for
8273900B.147.
Normally, this file is just a symbolic link to the
NetBSD/mvme68k
netboot
program, which should be located in a place
where the TFTP daemon can find it (remember, many TFTP daemons run in
a chroot'ed environment).
The netboot program may be found in the install directory of this distribution.
The
MVME162
,
MVME167
,
MVME172
,
and
MVME177
boot ROMs have code builtin to boot over ethernet from a TFTP server.
You should configure it to download the same
netboot
program as is used for
MVME147.
The netboot program will query a bootparamd server to find the NFS
server address and path name for its root, and then load a kernel from
that location.
The server should have a copy of the netbsd-RAMDISK kernel in
the root area for your client (no other files are needed in the client
root, although it might be a convenient place to put the uncompressed
miniroot image) and
/etc/bootparams
on the server should have an entry for your client and its root directory.
Note that you should rename the
netbsd-RAMDISK
kernel to just
netbsd
in the client's root directory before trying to netboot the client.
The client will need access to the miniroot image, which can be provided using NFS or remote shell. If using NFS, miniroot.fs.gz should be expanded on the server, because doing so from the RAMDISK shell is not so easy. The unzipped miniroot takes about 7.5 MB of space.
If you will be installing NetBSD on several clients, it may be useful to know that you can use a single NFS root for all the clients as long as they only use the netbsd-RAMDISK kernel. There will be no conflict between clients because the RAM-disk kernel will not use the NFS root. No swap file is needed; the RAM-disk kernel does not use that either.
This method, of course, requires network access to an FTP server. This might be a local system, or it might be ftp.NetBSD.org itself. If you wish to use ftp.NetBSD.org as your FTP file server, you may want to keep the following information handy:
No IP Address: ftp.NetBSD.org
Login: anonymous
Password: <your e-mail address>
Server path: /pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-10.1/mvme68k/binary
mvme68k machines usually need little or no preparation before installing NetBSD, other than the usual, well advised precaution of backing up all data on any attached storage devices.
The exception to the above is that MVME162 , MVME167 , MVME172 and MVME177 boards require a jumper to be removed or DIP switch changed before NetBSD can be installed. On MVME162-LX and MVME172-LX pins 1-2 of jumper J11 must be removed. On MVME162-P2/P4 and MVME172-P2/P4 switch S4, position 8 must be set to OFF. On MVME167 and MVME177 pins 1-2 of jumper J1 must be removed.
Once you've made any necessary jumper changes, the following instructions should make your machine ``NetBSD Ready''.
Power-up your MVME147 board. You should have the bug prompt:
COLD Start
Onboard RAM start = $00000000, stop = $007FFFFF
147-Bug>
Or, if you have an MVME162/172 or MVME167/177 board (the following boot message is from MVME167; the others are similar):
MVME167 Debugger/Diagnostics Release Version 2.3 - 02/25/94
COLD Start
Local Memory Found =02000000 (&33554432)
MPU Clock Speed =33Mhz
167-Bug>
Make sure the RAM size looks ok (if you've got an 8 MB MVME147 or a 32 MB MVME167 you should have the same value as we do). Also make sure the clock is ticking:
1xx-Bug>time
Sunday 12/21/31 16:25:14
1xx-Bug>time
Sunday 12/21/31 16:25:15
1xx-Bug>
Note that
NetBSD
bases its year at 1968, and adds the year offset in
the system's real-time clock to get the current year.
So the
31
here
equates to 1999.
You may have to adjust your clock using the
set
command to comply with
NetBSD 's
requirements.
Don't worry if the
`Day of the week'
is not correct, as
NetBSD
doesn't use it.
Motorola has acknowledged a year 2000 bug in some versions of the MVME147
whereby the day of the week
doesn't get set correctly by the 147Bug PROM.
does not affect
NetBSD !
Also make sure that your board's ethernet address is initialised to the correct value. You'll find the address on a label on the inside of the MVME147's front panel, and on the VMEbus P2 connector of the other board types. On the MVME147, enter the last five digits of the address using the lsad command. On the MVME162/172 and MVME167/177, you should use the cnfg command.
The NetBSD kernel reads the first two long words of the onboard NVRAM to determine the starting and ending address of any VMEbus RAM that should be used by the system. You should verify that this area is set properly for your configuration.
If you have no VMEbus RAM boards, the values should be set to zero (0).
For an MVME162, MVME167, MVME172 or MVME177 board, at the 1xx-Bug> prompt:
1xx-Bug>mm fffc0000 ;l
fffc0000: xxxxxxxx?0
fffc0004: xxxxxxxx?0
fffc0008: xxxxxxxx?.
1xx-Bug>
For an MVME147 board, at the 147Bug prompt:
147Bug>mm fffe0764 ;l
fffe0764: xxxxxxxx?0
fffe0768: xxxxxxxx?0
fffe076c: xxxxxxxx?.
If you do have VMEbus RAM available and want NetBSD to use it, the first long word should be set to the starting address of this RAM and the second long word should be set to the ending address.
If you have more than one VMEbus RAM board installed, the starting and ending addresses must be contiguous from one board to the next. Also note that, for various reasons beyond the scope of this document, VMEbus RAM should be configured in A32 address space.
To install successfully to a local SCSI disk, you need to ensure that the system is aware of what targets are connected to the SCSI bus. This can be done by issuing the following command:
1xx-Bug> iot;t
At this point, Bug will scan for any attached SCSI devices. After a short delay, a list of SCSI devices will be displayed. 147Bug will ask if LUNs should be assigned from SCSI ids, to which you should answer Y. You should also answer Y when asked if the information is to be saved to NVRAM. 16xBug does not prompt for this information.
The following installation instructions will assume that your target
SCSI disk drive appears at SCSI-ID 0.
If you have a tape drive, the instructions assume is configured
for SCSI-ID 5.
When the RAMDISK root boots,
NetBSD
will refer to these devices as
sd0
and
rst0
respectively.
You may wish to note these down; you'll be using them a lot. :-)
Installing NetBSD is a relatively complex process, but if you have this document in hand it should not be too difficult.
There are several ways to install NetBSD onto your disk. If your MVME147 machine has a tape drive the easiest way is Installing from tape (details below). All other machines can be installed easily over the network from a suitable NFS server. See Installing from NFS for details. Otherwise, if you have another mvme68k machine running NetBSD you can initialize the disk on that machine and then move the disk.
147-Bug> bo 5
16x-Bug> bo 0,50
As mentioned earlier, this assumes your tape is jumpered for SCSI-ID 5.
As the tape loads (which may take 20 to 30 seconds), you will see a series of status messages. It may be useful if you can capture these messages to a file, or a scrollable xterm window. In particular, you should make a note of the lines which describe the geometry of the SCSI disks detected by NetBSD. They are of the form:
sd0 at scsibus0 targ 0 lun 0: <Maker, Disk, Foo> SCSI1 0/direct fixed
sd0: 800 MB, 800 cyl, 16 head, 128 sec, 512 bytes/sect x 1638400 sectors
The information of most interest is the number of sectors; for the fictitious disk above, it's 1638400. You will need this number when you come to create a disklabel for that drive.
Here is an example of an MVME147 system booting from tape:
RAM address from VMEbus = $00000000
Booting from: VME147, Controller 5, Device 0
Loading: Operating System
Volume: NBSD
IPL loaded at: $003F0000
>> BSD MVME147 tapeboot [$Revision: 1.25 $]
578616+422344+55540+[46032+51284]=0x11a6e4
Start @ 0x8000 ...
Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000
The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993
The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
NetBSD 1.5 (RAMDISK) #1: Sun Oct 29 16:19:04 GMT 2000
steve@fatbob:/usr/src/sys/arch/mvme68k/compile/RAMDISK
Motorola MVME-147S: 25MHz MC68030 CPU+MMU, MC68882 FPU
real mem = 7237632
avail mem = 6381568
using 88 buffers containing 360448 bytes of memory
mainbus0 (root)
pcc0 at mainbus0: Peripheral Channel Controller, rev 0, vecbase 0x40
clock0 at pcc0 offset 0x0 ipl 5: Mostek MK48T02, 2048 bytes of NVRAM
.
.
Finally, you will see the following "welcome" message:
Welcome to the NetBSD/mvme68k RAMDISK root!
This environment is designed to do only four things:
1: Partition your disk (use the command: disklabel -i -I /dev/rsd0c)
2: Copy a miniroot image into the swap partition (/dev/rsd0b)
3: Make that partition bootable (using 'installboot')
4: Reboot (using the swap partition, i.e. /dev/sd0b).
Copying the miniroot can be done several ways, allowing the source
of the miniroot image to be on any of these:
boot tape, NFS server, TFTP server, rsh server
The easiest is loading from tape, which is done as follows:
mt -f /dev/nrst0 rewind
mt -f /dev/nrst0 fsf 3
dd if=/dev/nrst0 of=/dev/rsd0b bs=8k conv=sync
(For help with other methods, please see the install notes.)
To reboot using the swap partition after running installboot, first
use
halt,
then at the Bug monitor prompt use a command like:
1x7Bug> bo 0,,b:
To view this message again, type: cat /.welcome
#
You must now create a disklabel on the disk you wish to use for the
root file system
(/).
This will usually be
sd0.
The disklabel is used by
NetBSD to identify the starting block and size of each partition on
the disk.
Partitions are named
sd0a,
sd0b,
sd0c,
etc,
up to
sd0h.
The mvme68k port of
NetBSD
makes some assumptions about the first three partitions on a boot disk:
sd0a/).
sd0bsd0cThe raw partition is special; NetBSD is able to use it even if the disk has no label. You should never create a file system on the Raw Partition, even on a non-boot disk.
It is good practice to put
/usr
on a different partition than
/
(root, AKA
sd0a).
So, the first available partition for
/usr
is
sd0d.
Refer to the section entitled
NetBSD System Requirements and Supported Devices
for information on the recommended sizes of the
/
(root),
/usr
and swap partitions.
You are not required to define any partitions beyond
sd0d,
but if you
have a large disk drive, you might want to create several other partitions
for file systems such as
/home
or
/usr/src.
Note that at this time you
are only required to partition the root/boot disk; you will get the
opportunity to partition any other disks in your system from the main
miniroot
installation program.
To create the disklabel and partitions, use the
disklabel
program, passing it the name of the Raw Partition of your root/boot disk.
# disklabel -i -I /dev/rsd0c
important disklabel -i options:
? - short help on all commands
P - print current partition table
W - write the current partition table
Q - quit
[a-p] - define named partition
To start creating the basic partitions, you should enter
a
at the partition> prompt.
disklabel
will then prompt for the partition information in a form similar to:
partition> a
Filesystem type [?] [unused]: 4.2BSD
Start offset ('x' to start after part 'x') [0c, 0s, 0M]:
Partition size ('$' for all remaining) [0c, 0s, 0M]: 32m
When you enter the start and length of a partition, you can append s, c, m, or g to specify sectors, cylinders, megabytes or gigabytes respectively.
The above example creates partition
`a',
starting at sector zero
and with a size of 32MB.
The
type
of the partition should be
4.2BSD,
which is the recommended
NetBSD
file system type.
Next, create a swap partition (b). Note that the minimum size of this swap partition should be 8 MB, otherwise you won't be able to use a miniroot to complete the NetBSD installation!
partition> b
Filesystem type [?] [unused]: swap
Start offset ('x' to start after part 'x') [0c, 0s, 0M]: a
Partition size ('$' for all remaining) [0c, 0s, 0M]: 16m
Here, we specify that the swap partition starts immediately after the
`a'
partition and is of size 16MB.
The length of the swap partition should be at least as large as the
amount of RAM in your system and ideally 64MB or over.
The remainder of the disk can be allocated to the
`d'
partition for the
/usr
file system.
partition> d
Filesystem type [?] [unused]: 4.2BSD
Start offset ('x' to start after part 'x') [0c, 0s, 0M]: b
Partition size ('$' for all remaining) [0c, 0s, 0M]: $
Note that the above partition sizes are just guidelines. If your disk is large enough, you should resize the partitions appropriately and perhaps also create a /var partition as well.
You now need to write this new disklabel, together with the partition details you've just entered, to disk. You might also try the `P' command to view the partitions. Once written, you can quit back to the shell using `Q'.
Now that your disk's partitioned, you need to get the proper installation miniroot image onto it. The miniroot image is designed to be copied into the swap partition of your disk. This is a safe place which won't be overwritten by the installation procedure. From the shell prompt, use the following commands to copy the miniroot image from tape to swap (b).
# mt -f /dev/nrst0 rewind
# mt -f /dev/nrst0 fsf 3
# dd if=/dev/nrst0 of=/dev/rsd0b bs=8k conv=osync
The disk and the miniroot must now be made bootable using the
installboot(8)
command.
To do this, issue the following commands:
# mount /dev/sd0b /mnt
# installboot /mnt/usr/mdec/bootsd /bootxx /dev/rsd0b
# umount /dev/sd0b
You can now shutdown the system.
# halt
signal 15
syncing disks... done
unmounting / (root_device)...
halted
147-Bug> reset
Reset Local SCSI Bus [Y,N] N? y
Automatic reset of known SCSI Buses on RESET [Y,N] Y?
Cold/Warm Reset flag [C,W] = C?
Execute Soft Reset [Y,N] N? y
Resetting the other types of MVME boards are very similar. You should now reboot from that just installed miniroot. See the section entitled Booting the miniroot for details.
To get started on the MVME147, you need to download
sboot
into RAM (you will find
sboot
in the
install
directory of the mvme68k distribution).
You can either do that through the console line or through a 2nd serial
connection.
For example, an MVME147 connected to a sun4/110 and accessed via
tip(1)
can be loaded as follows:
lo 0
~Ccat sboot
go 4000
Which will look like this:
147-Bug> lo 0
~CLocal command? cat sboot
away for 11 seconds
!
147-Bug> g 4000
Effective address: 00004000
sboot: serial line bootstrap program (end = 6018)
>>>
Now, if you want to do it through serial line 1, then connect serial
line one to a machine.
At the
147-Bug> prompt type tm 1
You should then login to the machine it is connected to.
Then press
CONTROL-A
to escape to Bug.
Do
lo 1;x=cat sboot ...
then when that is done you can reconnect
tm 1 and logout.
Then do go 4000
and you've got the
>>>
prompt of
sboot.
Once you've got the
>prompt, you can boot the
RAMDISK
kernel from the server:
>>> b
le0: ethernet address: 8:0:3e:20:cb:87
My ip address is: 192.168.1.4
Server ip address is: 192.168.1.1
4800
Download was a success!
See below for the next step in booting MVME147.
The MVME162, MVME167, MVME172 and MVME177 boards are able to download netboot directly using TFTP. To enable this, you must first configure the networking parameters on the board as described in the section entitled "Preparing your System for NetBSD Installation. On a properly configured MVME162/172 or MVME167/177, all you need to type is:
1xx-Bug> nbo
For all board types, the boot messages are very similar:
Start @ 0x8000 ...
>> BSD MVME147 netboot (via sboot) [$Revision: 1.25 $]
device: le0 attached to 08:00:3e:20:cb:87
boot: client IP address: 192.168.1.4
boot: client name: soapy
root addr=192.168.1.1 path=/export/soapy
578616+422344+55540+[46032+51284]=0x11a6e4
Start @ 0x8000 ...
Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000
The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993
The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
NetBSD 1.5 (RAMDISK) #1: Sun Oct 29 16:19:04 GMT 2000
steve@fatbob:/usr/src/sys/arch/mvme68k/compile/RAMDISK
Motorola MVME-147S: 25MHz MC68030 CPU+MMU, MC68882 FPU
real mem = 7237632
avail mem = 6381568
using 88 buffers containing 360448 bytes of memory
mainbus0 (root)
pcc0 at mainbus0: Peripheral Channel Controller, rev 0, vecbase 0x40
clock0 at pcc0 offset 0x0 ipl 5: Mostek MK48T02, 2048 bytes of NVRAM
.
.
After the boot program loads the
RAMDISK
kernel, you should see the
welcome screen as shown in the "tape boot" section above.
You now need to create a disklabel with partition information on the
SCSI disk on which you intend to create your root file system
(/).
Follow the instructions in the previous section entitled
Installing from tape
to do this.
(But stop short of the part which describes how to
copy the miniroot from tape.)
You must now configure the network interface before you can access the NFS server containing the miniroot image. For example the command:
# ifconfig le0 inet 192.168.1.4 up
will bring up the MVME147 network interface
le0
with that address.
The command:
# ifconfig ie0 inet 192.168.1.4 up
will bring up the MVME162/172 or MVME167/177 network interface
ie0
with that address.
The next
step is to copy the miniroot from your server.
This can be done using either NFS or remote shell.
(In the examples that follow, the server has
IP address 192.168.1.1) You may then need to add a default route if the
server is on a different subnet:
# route add default 192.168.1.2 1
You can look at the route table using:
# route show
Now mount the NFS file system containing the miniroot image:
# mount -r 192.168.1.1:/export/soapy /mnt
The procedure is simpler if you have space for an expanded (not compressed) copy of the miniroot image. In that case:
# dd if=/mnt/miniroot of=/dev/rsd0b bs=8k
Otherwise, you will need to use gzcat to expand the miniroot image while copying.
# gzcat miniroot.fs.gz | dd of=/dev/rsd0b obs=8k conv=osync
You must now make the disk bootable. Refer to the previous section on installing from tape, where it describes how to run installboot. This is immediately following the part which explains how to copy the miniroot from tape.
b'
of the disk with
SCSI-ID 0, then the boot command is:
1xx-Bug> bo 0,,b:
The command line parameters above are:
b
You should see a bunch of boot messages, followed by messages from
the miniroot kernel just as you did when the
RAMDISK
kernel booted.
You will then be prompted to enter the root device.
Since the miniroot was booted from the swap partition, you should enter
sd0b.
You will
then be asked for the swap device and file system type.
Just press
RETURN
twice to accept the defaults.
When asked to enter a terminal type, either accept the default,
or use whatever the TERM environment
variable is set to in the shell of your host system:
boot device: sd0
root device (default sd0a): sd0b
dump device (default sd0b): (return)
file system (default generic): (return)
root on sd0b dumps on sd0b
mountroot: trying ffs...
root file system type: ffs
init: copying out path `/sbin/init' 11
erase ^H, werase ^W, kill ^U, intr ^C
Terminal type? [vt100] return
Congratulations! The system should now be running the miniroot installation program.
All recent releases of NetBSD provide the option of using sysinst instead of the old installation and upgrade shell scripts. At this time, sysinst is not capable of installing distribution sets from tape. In such a case, you should fallback to the shell script installation or upgrade procedure. In all other cases, sysinst should be used. Note that as soon as sysinst can deal with tapes, the shell script tools will be removed.
The miniroot's install program (both sysinst and the shell script version) will:
RAMDISK
kernel.
Note that partition sizes and offsets are expressed in sectors. When you fill out the disklabel, you will need to specify partition types and file system parameters. If you're unsure what these values should be, use the following defaults:
fstype: 4.2BSD
fsize: 1024
bsize: 4096
cpg: 16
If the partition will be a swap partition, use the following:
fstype: swap
fsize: 0 (or blank)
bsize: 0 (or blank)
cpg: 0 (or blank)
Note that partition
`c'
is special; it covers then entire
disk and should not be assigned to a file system.
The number of partitions is currently fixed at 8.
foo
instead of
foo.bar.org.
If, during the process of configuring
the network interfaces, you make a mistake, you will
be able to re-configure that interface by simply selecting
it for configuration again.
/etc/fstab.
/).
/dev.
/).
First-time installation on a system through a method other than the installation program is possible, but strongly discouraged.
Using sysinst, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy process. Still, you should read this document and have it available during the installation process. This document tries to be a good guide to the installation, and as such, covers many details for the sake of completeness. Do not let this discourage you; the install program is not hard to use.
The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while
installing
NetBSD
on your hard disk.
sysinst
is a menu-driven program that guides you through the installation process.
Sometimes questions will be asked, and in many cases
the default answer will be displayed in brackets
(``[ ]'')
after the question.
If you wish to stop the installation, you may press
CONTROL-C
at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation
process again from scratch by running the
/sysinst
program from the command prompt.
It is not necessary to reboot.
First, let's describe a quick install. The other sections of this document go into the installation procedure in more detail, but you may find that you do not need this. If you want detailed instructions, skip to the next section. This section describes a basic installation, using a CD / DVD as the install medium.
.***********************************************.
* NetBSD-10.1 Install System *
* *
*>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk *
* b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk *
* c: Re-install sets or install additional sets *
* d: Reboot the computer *
* e: Utility menu *
* f: Config menu *
* x: Exit Install System *
.***********************************************.
root
user when prompted by
sysinst,
logging in as
root
and setting a password should be your first task.
You are also advised to read
afterboot(8).
Boot your machine. The boot loader will start, which will print a countdown and begin booting.
If the boot loader messages do not appear in a reasonable amount of time, you either have a bad boot floppy or a hardware problem. Try writing the install floppy image to a different disk, and using that.
It will take a while to load the kernel
from the floppy,
probably around a minute or so; then the kernel boot messages
will be displayed.
This may take a little while also, as
NetBSD
will be probing your system to discover which hardware devices are
installed.
The most important thing to know is that
wd0
is
NetBSD's
name for your first SATA/PATA disk,
wd1
the second, etc.
sd0
is your first SCSI disk,
sd1
the second, etc.
Note that once the system has finished booting, you need not leave the floppy in the disk drive.
Once NetBSD has booted and printed all the boot messages, you will be presented with a welcome message and a main menu. It will also include instructions for using the menus.
If you do not intend to use networking during the installation, but you do want your machine to be configured for networking once the system is installed, you should first go to the Utility menu and select the Configure network option. If you only want to temporarily use networking during the installation, you can specify these parameters later. If you are not using the Domain Name System (DNS), you can give an empty response when asked to provide a server.
To start the installation, select Install NetBSD to hard disk from the main menu.
The first thing is to identify the disk on which you want to
install
NetBSD.
sysinst
will report a list of disks it finds
and ask you for your selection.
You should see disk names like
sd0
or
sd1.
The next step is to choose which distribution sets you wish to install. Options are provided for full, minimal, and custom installations. If you choose sets on your own, base, etc, and a kernel must be selected.
You will be asked if you want to use the entire disk or only part of the disk. If you decide to use the entire disk for NetBSD, sysinst will check for the presence of other operating systems and you will be asked to confirm that you want to overwrite these.
The partition table of the NetBSD part of a disk is called a disklabel. If your disk already has a disklabel written to it, you can choose Use existing partition sizes. Otherwise, select Set sizes of NetBSD partitions.
After you have chosen your partitions and their sizes (or if you opted to use the existing partitions), you will be presented with the layout of the NetBSD disklabel and given one more chance to change it. For each partition, you can set the type, offset and size, block and fragment size, and the mount point. The type that NetBSD uses for normal file storage is called 4.2BSD. A swap partition has a special type called swap. Some partitions in the disklabel have a fixed purpose.
a/)
bcd-hd
is the partition mounted on
/usr,
but this is historical practice and not a fixed value.
You will then be asked to name your disk's disklabel. The default response will be OK for most purposes. If you choose to name it something different, make sure the name is a single word and contains no special characters. You don't need to remember this name.
You are now at the point of no return. Nothing has been written to your disk yet, but if you confirm that you want to install NetBSD, your hard drive will be modified. If you are sure you want to proceed, select yes.
The install program will now label your disk and create the file systems you specified. The file systems will be initialized to contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files. You will see messages on your screen from the various NetBSD disk preparation tools that are running. There should be no errors in this section of the installation. If there are, restart from the beginning of the installation process. Otherwise, you can continue the installation program after pressing the return key.
The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of sets that come in the form of gzipped tar files. At this point, you will be presented with a menu which enables you to choose from one of the following methods of installing the sets. Some of these methods will first transfer the sets to your hard disk, others will extract the sets directly.
For all these methods, the first step is to make the sets available for extraction. The sets can be made available in a few different ways. The following sections describe each of the methods. After reading about the method you will be using, you can continue to the section labeled `Extracting the distribution sets'.
When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to specify
the device name for your CD-ROM drive
(usually cd0)
and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the distribution files are.
sysinst will then check that the files are actually present in the specified location and proceed to the extraction of the sets.
To install using FTP, you first need to configure
your network setup if you haven't already done so.
sysinst
will help you with this, asking if you want to use DHCP.
If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration
details yourself.
If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you
are installing on, you can just press
RETURN
in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used.
You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, the directory on that host, the account name and password used to log into that host using FTP, and optionally a proxy server to use. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the FTP server.
sysinst will then transfer the set files from the remote site to your hard disk.
To install using NFS, you first need to configure
your network setup if you haven't already done so.
sysinst
will do this for you, asking you
if you want to use DHCP.
If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration
details yourself.
If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you
are installing on, you can just press
RETURN
in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used.
You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from and the directory on that host that the files are in. This directory should be mountable by the machine you are installing on, i.e., correctly exported to your machine.
If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the NFS server.
In order to install from a local file system, you will
need to specify the device that the file system resides
on
(for example wd1e),
the type of the file system,
and the directory on the specified file system where the sets are located.
sysinst
will then check if it
can indeed access the sets at that location.
This option assumes that you have already done some preparation yourself. The sets should be located in a directory on a file system that is already accessible. sysinst will ask you for the name of this directory.
A progress bar will be displayed while the distribution sets are being extracted.
After all the files have been extracted, the device node files will be created. If you have already configured networking, you will be asked if you want to use this configuration for normal operation. If so, these values will be installed in the network configuration files.
The next menu will allow you to select a number of additional items to configure, including the time zone that you're in, to make sure your clock has the right offset from UTC, the root user's shell, and the initial root password.
You can also enable installation of binary packages, which installs the
pkgin(1)
tool for managing binary packages for third-party software.
This will
feel familiar to users of package tools such as
apt-get
or
yum.
If you prefer to install third-party software from source, you can install
the
pkgsrc(7)
tree.
Finally, you can enable some daemons such as
sshd(8),
ntpd(8),
or
mdnsd(8).
Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 10.1. You can now reboot the machine and boot NetBSD from hard disk.
Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state. The most important steps are described below.
postinstall(8).
/etc/rc.conf
If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of
/etc/rc.conf
(sysinst
normally will),
the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the
message
/etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted.
and with the root file system
(/)
mounted read-only.
When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply press
RETURN
to get to a
/bin/sh
prompt.
If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with
vt220
(or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type)
and press
RETURN.
You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key
to work properly, depending on your keyboard:
# stty erase '^h'
# stty erase '^?'
At this point, you need to configure at least
one file in the
/etc
directory.
You will need to mount your root file system read/write with:
# /sbin/mount -u -w /
Change to the
/etc
directory and take a look at the
/etc/rc.conf
file.
Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set
rc_configured=YES
so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can
proceed.
Default values for the various programs can be found in
/etc/defaults/rc.conf,
where some in-line documentation may be found.
More complete documentation can be found in
rc.conf(5).
When you have finished editing
/etc/rc.conf,
type
exit
at the prompt to
leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot.
Other values that may need to be set in
/etc/rc.conf
for a networked environment are
hostname
and possibly
defaultroute.
You may also need to add an
ifconfig_int
for your
<int>
network interface,
along the lines of
ifconfig_le0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0"
or, if you have
myname.my.dom
in
/etc/hosts:
ifconfig_le0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0"
To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an
/etc/resolv.conf
file or (if you are feeling a little more adventurous) run
named(8).
See
resolv.conf(5)
or
named(8)
for more information.
Instead of manually configuring networking,
DHCP can be used by setting
dhcpcd=YES
in
/etc/rc.conf.
After reboot, you can log in as
root
at the login prompt.
If you didn't set a password in
sysinst,
there
is no initial password.
You should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the
``root''
account with good passwords.
By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via
ssh(1)).
One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different
user that belongs to group
``wheel''
(see
group(5))
and use
su(1)
to become root.
Use the
useradd(8)
command to add accounts to your system.
Do not
edit
/etc/passwd
directly! See
vipw(8)
and
pwd_mkdb(8)
if you want to edit the password database.
If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the chapter about X in the NetBSD Guide:
If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system, pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD. This includes the retrieval and installation of any other packages the software may depend upon.
mvme68k/10.1/All
subdir.
If you installed
pkgin(1)
in the
sysinst
post-installation configuration menu, you can use it to automatically install
binary packages over the network.
Assuming that
/usr/pkg/etc/pkgin/repositories.conf
is correctly configured, you can install them with the following commands:
# pkgin install tcsh bash perl apache xfce4 firefox ...
The above command will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, Xfce desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on.
If it was not automatically installed,
pkgin(1)
can be installed on a fresh
NetBSD
system with
pkg_add(1):
export PKG_PATH=https://cdn.netbsd.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/$(uname -p)/$(uname -r | cut -d_ -f1)/All pkg_add pkgin
pkgsrc(7)
framework for compiling packages and did not install it from the
sysinst(8)
post-installation configuration menu, you can obtain it by retrieving
the file
/usr/pkgsrc
(though other locations work fine) with the commands:
# cd /usr
# tar -zxpf pkgsrc.tar.gz
After extracting, see the
doc/pkgsrc.txt
file in the extraction directory (e.g.,
/usr/pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.txt)
for more information.
/etc/mail/aliases
to forward root mail to the right place.
Don't forget to run
newaliases(1)
afterwards.
/etc/rc.local
to run any local daemons you use.
/etc
files are documented in section 5 of the manual; so just invoking
# man 5 filename
is likely to give you more information on these files.
It is possible to easily upgrade your existing NetBSD/mvme68k system using the upgrade program in the miniroot or by manually performing the same steps as the miniroot upgrade program.
/etc/fstab,
changing the occurrences of
ufs
to
ffs
and let you edit the resulting file.
/dev.
/).
# /sbin/fsck -pf
# /sbin/mount -a -t nonfs
/usr
or
/usr/share
on an NFS server, you will want to mount those file systems as well.
To do this, you will need to enable the network:
# sh /etc/rc.d/network start
/)
and extract
the
base
binary set:
# cd /
# pax -zrvpe -f /path/to/base.tgz
# cd /usr/mdec
# cp bootsd /.bootsd
# ./installboot /.bootsd bootxx < root-disk
E.g.:
root-disk
could be
/dev/rsd0a.
# sync
# cd /
# pax -zrvpe -f path_to_set
Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 10.1.
Note that sysinst will automatically invoke
postinstall fix
In
NetBSD9
and earlier, filesystems listed in
/etc/fstab
would be mounted before non-legacy
zfs
filesystems. Starting from
NetBSD10
this order has been reversed.
If you have ever run a version of NetBSD-current between April 18, 2020 and September 23, 2022 (the version numbers used in the affected time range are between 9.99.56 and 9.99.106) your FFS file systems might have broken extended attributes stored.
You should follow this guide before booting the updated system multi-user for the first time.
Note that you do not need to do anything special if you never did run any affected kernel, especially if you have never run NetBSD-current.
The display drivers used for modern GPUs and the whole subsystem supporting it (DRM/KMS) have been updated to a newer version. Unfortunately not all issues with this have been resolved before the NetBSD10.0 release. You can find a list of issues in the Open issues with new DRM/KMS section of the release engineering wiki page.
A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 10.1 release. See the ``Components removed from NetBSD'' section near the beginning of this document for a list.
Documentation is available if you installed the manual
distribution set.
Traditionally, the
``man pages''
(documentation) are denoted by
`name(section)'.
Some examples of this are
intro(1),
man(1),
apropos(1),
passwd(1),
and
passwd(5).
The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8.
The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man [section] topic. The brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after logging in, enter
# man passwd
to read the documentation for
passwd(1).
To view the documentation for
passwd(5),
enter
# man 5 passwd
instead.
If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter
# apropos subject-word
where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed.
If you've got something to say, do so!
We'd like your input.
There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list
server at
majordomo@NetBSD.org.
See
https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/
for details.
There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and questions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd-comments@NetBSD.org.
To report bugs, use the
send-pr(1)
command shipped with
NetBSD,
and fill in as much information about the problem as you can.
Good bug reports include lots of details.
Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web interface at
https://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html
There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of
each port of
NetBSD.
Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit
https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/
If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below).
If you'd like to help with NetBSD, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-users@NetBSD.org.
As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it. If you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it.
Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick
for their work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement.
All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document:
NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions
of the system documentation.
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in
NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for
Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX),
The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group.
In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original
IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group
Standard is the referee document.
The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html.
This notice shall appear on any product containing this material.
In the following statement, "This software" refers to the parallel port driver:
Some files have the following copyright:
Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its
documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copyright
notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the
software, derivative works or modified versions, and any portions
thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation.
CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS
CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR
ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to
any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the
rights to redistribute these changes.
Some files have the following copyright:
Author: Chris G. Demetriou
Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and
its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copyright
notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the
software, derivative works or modified versions, and any portions
thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation.
Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to
any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the
rights to redistribute these changes.
Some files have the following copyright:
Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
software and its documentation for any purpose and without
fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright
notice appear in all copies. Stanford University
makes no representations about the suitability of this
software for any purpose. It is provided "as is"
without express or implied warranty.
Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon University
All Rights Reserved.
Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Distribution@CS.CMU.EDU
School of Computer Science
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890
All rights reserved.
CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS"
CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND
FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Distribution@CS.CMU.EDU
School of Computer Science
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890