INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NAME INSTALL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/vax. CONTENTS About this Document What is NetBSD? Changes Between The NetBSD 9 and 10 Releases Features to be removed in a later release The NetBSD Foundation Sources of NetBSD NetBSD 10.1 Release Contents NetBSD/vax subdirectory structure Binary distribution sets NetBSD/vax System Requirements and Supported Devices Supported hardware Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Creating boot tapes Creating boot floppies Booting from NFS server Preparing your System for NetBSD installation Installing the NetBSD System Running the sysinst installation program Introduction Possible hardware problems General Quick install Booting NetBSD Network configuration Installation drive selection and parameters Selecting which sets to install Partitioning the disk Preparing your hard disk Getting the distribution sets Installation from CD-ROM Installation using FTP Installation using NFS Installation from an unmounted file system Installation from a local directory Extracting the distribution sets Configure additional items Finalizing your installation Post installation steps Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Using online NetBSD documentation Administrivia Thanks go to Legal Mumbo-Jumbo The End DESCRIPTION About this Document This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 10.1 on the vax platform. It is available in four different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where .ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt: .ps PostScript. .html Standard Internet HTML. .more The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager util- ity programs. This is the format in which the on-line man pages are generally presented. .txt Plain old ASCII. You are reading the ASCII version. What is NetBSD? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional open- source operating system derived from the University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on many different different system architectures (ports) across a variety of distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 10.1 release contains complete binary releases for most of these system architectures, with preliminary support for the others included in source form. For more informa- tion please visit https://www.NetBSD.org/. NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD fea- tures a complete set of user utilities, compilers for sev- eral languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet commu- nity. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, NetBSD would not exist. Changes Between The NetBSD 9 and 10 Releases The NetBSD 10.1 release provides many significant changes, including support for many new devices, hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and numerous user- land enhancements. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. One important new feature in this release is the support for extended attributes and access control lists on FFS file systems. For new installations the installer will by default disable these features, so the file system is compatible with older NetBSD releases (before 10), and allow other operating sys- tems to mount this file systems at least in read-only mode. If you want a new installed file system to support extended attributes, change the file system type from ``FFSv2'' to ``FFSv2ea'' in the partitioning menu. You can also convert file systems later, using the fsck_ffs(8) utility. More details are available in this guide: https://wiki.netbsd.org/tutorials/acls_and_extended_attributes_on_ffs. If you are upgrading from a version of NetBSD -current please also check the Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases. It is impossible to completely summarize the massive development that went into the NetBSD 10.1 release. The complete list of changes can be found in CHANGES: https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-10.1/CHANGES CHANGES-10.1: https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-10.1/CHANGES-10.1 which are also present in the top level directory of the NetBSD 10.1 release tree. Features to be removed in a later release The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the future: o groff(1). Man pages are now handled with mandoc(1), and groff(1) can still be found in pkgsrc as textproc/groff. o pf(4). This packet filter is obsolete and unmain- tained in NetBSD. It will be eventually removed due to possible long-standing security issues and lack of multiprocessor support. New installations should use npf(7). The NetBSD Foundation The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corporation that devotes itself to the traditional goals and spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trade- mark of the word ``NetBSD''. It supports the design, devel- opment, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide. More information on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at: https://www.NetBSD.org/foundation/ Sources of NetBSD Refer to mirrors: https://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/ NetBSD 10.1 Release Contents The root directory of the NetBSD 10.1 release is organized as follows: .../NetBSD-10.1/ CHANGES Changes between the 9.0 and 10.0 releases. CHANGES-10.0 Changes between the initial 10.0 branch and final release of 10.0. CHANGES-10.1 Changes between the 10.0 and the 10.1 release. CHANGES.prev Changes in previous NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes and notes about the release. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. images/ Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for installing NetBSD. Depending on your system, these may be bootable. source/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architec- tures for which NetBSD 10.1 has a binary distribution. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the source subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source dis- tribution sets are as follows: gnusrc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. sharesrc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associ- ated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. src This set contains all of the base NetBSD 10.1 sources which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or syssrc. syssrc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 10.1 kernel for all architectures as well as the config(1) utility. xsrc This set contains the sources to the X Window Sys- tem. All the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the pkgsrc set, which is traditionally unpacked into /usr/pkgsrc, all sets may be unpacked into /usr/src with the command: # cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.tgz In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: MD5 MD5 digests in the format produced by the com- mand: cksum -a MD5 file. SHA512 SHA512 digests in the format produced by the command: cksum -a SHA512 file. The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a wider range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release files. NetBSD/vax subdirectory structure The vax-specific portion of the NetBSD 10.1 release is found in the vax subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-10.1/vax/. It contains the following files and directories: INSTALL.html INSTALL.ps INSTALL.txt INSTALL.more Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The .more file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. binary/ kernel/ netbsd-GENERIC.gz A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for every- thing supported in this release. netbsd-GENERIC.MP.gz A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for every- thing supported in this release. This kernel sup- ports SMP on systems with more than one CPU. sets/ vax binary distribution sets; see below. installation/ misc/ Miscellaneous vax installation utilities; see installation section below. Binary distribution sets The NetBSD vax binary distribution sets contain the binaries which comprise the NetBSD 10.1 release for vax. The binary distribution sets can be found in the vax/binary/sets subdi- rectory of the NetBSD 10.1 distribution tree, and are as follows: base The NetBSD 10.1 vax base binary distribution. You must install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. comp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. debug This distribution set contains debug information for all base system utilities. It is useful when reporting issues with binaries or during develop- ment. This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it. etc This distribution set contains the system configu- ration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set must be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading. games This set includes the games and their manual pages. kern-GENERIC This set contains a NetBSD/vax 10.1 GENERIC kernel, named /netbsd. You must install either this dis- tribution set, kern-GENERIC.MP or kern-GENERIC_USB. kern-GENERIC_USB This set contains a NetBSD/vax 10.1 GENERIC_USB kernel, named /netbsd. This kernel supports vsbus USB host controllers and some USB devices. You must install either this distribution set, kern- GENERIC.MP or kern-GENERIC. kern-GENERIC.MP This set contains a NetBSD/vax 10.1 GENERIC.MP ker- nel, named /netbsd. This kernel supports multiple CPUs (if available). You must install either this distribution set, kern-GENERIC or kern-GENERIC_USB. man This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the man- ual pages that are included in the other sets. misc This set includes the system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from /usr/share. modules This set includes kernel modules to add functional- ity to a running system. rescue This set includes the statically linked emergency recovery binaries installed in /rescue. text This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibil- ity. These sources are based on X.Org. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xbase The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. xcomp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. xdebug This distribution set contains debug information for all X11 binaries. It is useful when reporting issues with these binaries or during development. This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it. xfont Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients. xetc Configuration files for X which could be locally modified. xserver The X server. The vax binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted below the current directory. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the tar -xzpf command from the root directory ( / ) of your system. Note: Each directory in the vax binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source dis- tribution does. NetBSD/vax System Requirements and Supported Devices Supported hardware o CPU types - VAX 11/750 - VAX 11/78{0,5} - VAX 4000 model 100(A),105A,106A,108,200,300,400,500(A),505A,600(A),700 - VAX 8200/8250/8300/8350 - VAX 8600/8650 - MicroVAX/VAXstation II - MicroVAX III - MicroVAX 3100 model 10,10e,20,20e,30,40,80,85,90,95 - MicroVAX 3300/3400 - MicroVAX 3500/3600 - MicroVAX 3800/3900 - MicroVAX 2000/VAXstation 2000 - VAXstation 3100 model 30,38,40,48,76 - VAXserver 3100 KA41-B and KA41-E - VAXserver 3600 - VAXserver 3900 - VAXstation 3200/3500 - VAXstation 4000 models 60,90,90A,96 and VLC o Networking - DEUNA/DELUA Unibus ethernet - DEQNA/DELQA Q22 bus ethernet - LANCE chip (where available) - SGEC chip (where available) o Serial lines - DHU11/DHV11/DL11/DLV11/DZ11/DZQ11/DZV11 Unibus/Q22 bus asynchronous lines - DZ11-compatible lines on VAXstations. o Disks - UDA50 Unibus MSCP controller - KDA50/RQDX1/2/3 Q22 bus - MSCP controller - KDB50 BI-bus MSCP controller - MFM and SCSI controllers on VAXstations - RP04/05/06/07 and RM02/03/05/80 Massbus disks - Console RL02 on VAX 8600. Some third-party controllers are also known to work, others do not. o Tapes - TMSCP on Q22 bus (TK50/70, TU81) - TMSCP on BI bus - SCSI tapes on VAXstations. o Floppy - RX33/RX50 on RQDX controllers - RX50 on VAX 8200 The minimal configuration requires 2 MB of RAM and ~130 MB of disk space, but the installation really requires 6 MB RAM unless you plan on using Jedi powers. Here is a table of recommended HD partition sizes for a full install: Partition Suggested Needed / (root) 32 MB 16 MB /usr 110 MB 45 MB /var 20 MB 5 MB swap 2-3 *RAM Anything else is up to you! Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Installing on a `bare' machine requires some bootable device; either a tape, CD-ROM or floppy drive or a NFS server together with a machine that can act as a MOP loader, such as another machine running NetBSD. NetBSD/vax can use both BOOTP/DHCP and BOOTPARAMS for netboot installations. Installation is supported from several media types, includ- ing: o CD-ROM / DVD / USB stick o FTP o Remote NFS partition o Tape o Existing NetBSD partitions, if performing an upgrade The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation depend upon which installation medium you choose. The steps for the various media are outlined below. CD-ROM / DVD / USB stick Find out where the distribution set files are on the CD-ROM, DVD or USB stick. Likely locations are binary/sets and vax/binary/sets. (You only need to know this if you are mixing installer and installation media from different versions - the installer will know the proper default location for the sets it comes with). Proceed to the instructions on installation. FTP The preparations for this instal- lation/upgrade method are easy; all you need to do is make sure that there's an FTP site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution when you're about to install or upgrade. If you don't have DHCP available on your net- work, you will need to know the numeric IP address of that site, and, if it's not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. Once you have this information, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrad- ing. NFS Place the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install into a direc- tory on an NFS server, and make that directory mountable by the machine on which you are installing or upgrading NetBSD. This will probably require modify- ing the /etc/exports file on the NFS server and resetting its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will probably require superuser privileges on the server.) You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS server, and, if you don't have DHCP available on your network and the server is not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the informa- tion mentioned above, you can pro- ceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on pre- paring your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. Tape To install NetBSD from a tape, you need to make a tape that contains the distribution set files, in `tar' format. Note: the tape devices with which NetBSD/vax is believed to work is the DEC TK-50. This is a very slow device. Installation via disk or network is recommended if possible. If you're making the tape on a UNIX-like system, the easiest way to do so is probably something like: # tar -cf tape_device dist_sets where tape_device is the name of the tape device that represents the tape drive you're using. This might be /dev/rst0, or something similar, but it will vary from system to system. In the above example, dist_sets is a list of filenames corresponding to the distribution sets that you wish to place on the tape. For instance, to put the kern-GENERIC, base, and etc distributions on tape (the absolute minimum required for installation), you would do the following: # cd .../NetBSD-10.1 # cd vax/binary # tar -cf tape_device kern-GENERIC.tgz base.tgz etc.tgz Note: You still need to fill in tape_device in the example. Once you have the files on the tape, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installa- tion, go directly to the section on upgrading. Creating boot tapes Fetch the bootable bootfs image from .../NetBSD-10.1/vax/installation/bootfs/boot.fs and write it on the beginning of the tape. Under NetBSD this is done (for MSCP tape, with SCSI tape the name is nrst0) via: # mt -f /dev/nrmt0 rewind # dd if=boot.fs of=/dev/nrmt0 conv=osync # mt -f /dev/nrmt0 rewoffl Under Ultrix the tape name is different: # mt -f /dev/rmt0h rewind # dd if=boot.fs of=/dev/rmt0h conv=osync # mt -f /dev/rmt0h rewoffl Of course, if you have a tape unit other than unit 0 you have to use the corresponding unit number. If you wish to install the sets from tape you will need to download the *.tgz files from .../NetBSD-10.1/vax/binary/sets{50,33} (if your disk is less than 200 MB you will probably want to exclude the X sets) and then before the mt ... rewoffl run # tar -cvf /dev/nrmt0 *.tgz When you have booted the bootfs and completed the disk par- titioning you will be prompted to select medium for install. At this point you will need to press CONTROL-Z to suspend the install tool, then # cd /mnt # mt -f /dev/nrmt0 rewind # mt -f /dev/nrmt0 fsf # tar -xvf /dev/nrmt0 # fg then select ``install from local dir'' and give /mnt. Note: If your disk is small you will need to be careful about filling it up. If you are using any other OS to create bootable tapes, remember that the blocksize must be 512 for the file to be bootable! Otherwise it just won't work. Creating boot floppies Fetch the bootable bootfs image from .../NetBSD-10.1/vax/installation/bootfs/boot.fs and gunzip it. It is a 1.2MB bootable image that will boot from any floppy of size 1.2MB and bigger. Note that you cannot install from RX50 floppies due to the small size. This may change in the future. All floppies except RX50 use a standardized format for stor- ing data so writing the bootfs to the floppy can be done on any PC. From MS-DOS the preferred way to do this is using rawrite.exe. Booting from NFS server All VAXen that can boot over network use MOP, a DEC proto- col. To be able to use MOP, a MOP daemon must be present on one of the machines on the local network. The boot princi- ple is: o The VAX broadcasts a request to load an image. o A mopd answers and sends the boot program to the VAX. o The boot program does rarp/bootp requests, mounts the root file system and loads the kernel. o The kernel is loaded and starts executing. If your machine has a disk and network connection, it may be convenient for you to install NetBSD over the network. This involves temporarily booting your machine over NFS, just long enough so you can initialize its disk. This method requires that you have access to an NFS server on your net- work which you can configure to support diskless boot for your machine. Configuring the NFS server is normally a task for a system administrator, and is not trivial. If you are using a NetBSD system as the boot-server, have a look at the diskless(8) manual page for guidelines on how to proceed with this. If the server runs another operating system, consult the documentation that came with it. (For example add_client(8) on SunOS.) There is also very useful documentation at http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/network/netboot/ You also must install a MOP loader. If you are booting from another NetBSD machine, the MOP daemons are included in the distribution, otherwise you may have to install a MOP loader. A loader can be found at ftp.stacken.kth.se:/pub/OS/NetBSD/mopd Fetch the latest and read the installation instructions. The file that should be loaded is called boot and is located in .../NetBSD-10.1/vax/installation/netboot/boot The kernel to load is the same kernel as the bootfs uses and can be found in .../NetBSD-10.1/vax/installation/netboot/netbsd.ram.gz From the install program started in the kernel the rest of the system can be installed. There is also a very good (if somewhat out of date) FAQ for netbooting VAXen at http://world.std.com/~bdc/projects/vaxen/VAX-netboot-HOWTO.html that describes netbooting of VAXen from many different OSes. Preparing your System for NetBSD installation VAX machines usually need little or no preparation before installing NetBSD, other than the usual well advised precau- tion of BACKING UP ALL DATA on any attached storage devices. If you are on a Q-bus or Unibus system the disk con- troller(s) need be at the standard CSR addresses for DUA (772150) or DUB (760334) to be recognized by the kernel and boot programs. If you are installing on a VAXstation you may require a serial console. Installing the NetBSD System Installation of NetBSD/vax is now easier than ever! For the latest news, problem reports, and discussion, join the port- vax maillist by mailing a line saying subscribe port-vax to majordomo@NetBSD.org. Also, see http://www.NetBSD.org/ for more information. If you encounter any problems, please report them via the mailing list or the send-pr(1) program so that they can be fixed for the next release. To install or upgrade NetBSD, you need to first boot the installation program and then interact with the screen-menu program sysinst. The installation program actually consists of the NetBSD kernel plus an in-memory file system of util- ity programs. The usual procedure is to write the installation system to the install media, as described earlier. Booting from install media The built-in console monitor understands a bunch of com- mands, dependent on which VAX you have. To just boot from a device, type `B' at the >>> prompt. Device naming in the console monitor differs a lot from the UNIX counterparts. A device looks like ddcu, where `dd' is the device type, `c' is the controller number and `u' is the device unit. Many console monitors also support the SHOW DEV command, which shows available units to boot from. A summary of the most common boot devices and their name: B DUA0 first MSCP controller, unit 0. B MUA0 first TMSCP tape controller, unit 0. B DKB0 second SCSI bus, unit 0. B XQA0 first Q22 bus Ethernet controller. B ESA0 first LANCE Ethernet controller on VAXstations. B EZA0 first SGEC Ethernet controller on VAXstations. Other devices may be appropriate for your configuration. Then just proceed with the program sysinst. The procedure that is described below can be easily adapted to VAX. Running the sysinst installation program 1. Introduction Using sysinst, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy process. Still, you should read this document and have it available during the installation process. This document tries to be a good guide to the installation, and as such, covers many details for the sake of com- pleteness. Do not let this discourage you; the install program is not hard to use. 2. Possible hardware problems Should you encounter hardware problems during installa- tion, try rebooting after unplugging removable devices you don't need for installation. Non-removable devices can be disabled with userconf (use boot -c to enter it). 3. General The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while installing NetBSD on your hard disk. sysinst is a menu-driven program that guides you through the installation process. Sometimes questions will be asked, and in many cases the default answer will be displayed in brackets (``[ ]'') after the ques- tion. If you wish to stop the installation, you may press CONTROL-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation process again from scratch by running the /sysinst program from the command prompt. It is not necessary to reboot. 4. Quick install First, let's describe a quick install. The other sec- tions of this document go into the installation proce- dure in more detail, but you may find that you do not need this. If you want detailed instructions, skip to the next section. This section describes a basic installation, using a CD / DVD as the install medium. o What you need. - The distribution sets (in this example, they are on the CD or DVD). - One 1.44 MB 3.5" floppy. - A minimum of of memory installed. - An optical drive. - A hard drive with at least 500 MB of free space for a complete base install, not including room for swap. If you wish to install the X Window System as well, you will need at least 225 MB more. o The Quick Installation - Insert the first boot floppy you just created and boot the computer. After language selec- tion, the main menu will be displayed. .***********************************************. * NetBSD-10.1 Install System * * * *>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk * * b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk * * c: Re-install sets or install additional sets * * d: Reboot the computer * * e: Utility menu * * f: Config menu * * x: Exit Install System * .***********************************************. - If you wish, you can configure some network settings immediately by choosing the Utility menu and then Configure network. It isn't actually required at this point, but it may be more convenient. Go back to the main menu. - Choose Install. - You will be guided through the setup of your disk. - You will be asked to choose which distribution sets to install. - When prompted, choose CD-ROM as the install medium if booted from CD-ROM. The default val- ues for the path and device should be OK. - After the installation process has completed, you will be brought back to the main menu, where you should select Reboot, after you have removed the bootfloppy from the drive. - NetBSD will now boot. If you didn't set a password for the root user when prompted by sysinst, logging in as root and setting a pass- word should be your first task. You are also advised to read afterboot(8). 5. Booting NetBSD Boot your machine. The boot loader will start, which will print a countdown and begin booting. If the boot loader messages do not appear in a reason- able amount of time, you either have a bad boot floppy or a hardware problem. Try writing the install floppy image to a different disk, and using that. It will take a while to load the kernel from the floppy, probably around a minute or so; then the kernel boot messages will be displayed. This may take a lit- tle while also, as NetBSD will be probing your system to discover which hardware devices are installed. The most important thing to know is that wd0 is NetBSD's name for your first SATA/PATA disk, wd1 the second, etc. sd0 is your first SCSI disk, sd1 the second, etc. Note that once the system has finished booting, you need not leave the floppy in the disk drive. Once NetBSD has booted and printed all the boot mes- sages, you will be presented with a welcome message and a main menu. It will also include instructions for using the menus. 6. Network configuration If you do not intend to use networking during the installation, but you do want your machine to be con- figured for networking once the system is installed, you should first go to the Utility menu and select the Configure network option. If you only want to tempo- rarily use networking during the installation, you can specify these parameters later. If you are not using the Domain Name System (DNS), you can give an empty response when asked to provide a server. 7. Installation drive selection and parameters To start the installation, select Install NetBSD to hard disk from the main menu. The first thing is to identify the disk on which you want to install NetBSD. sysinst will report a list of disks it finds and ask you for your selection. You should see disk names like sd0 or sd1. 8. Selecting which sets to install The next step is to choose which distribution sets you wish to install. Options are provided for full, mini- mal, and custom installations. If you choose sets on your own, base, etc, and a kernel must be selected. 9. Partitioning the disk o Choosing which portion of the disk to use. You will be asked if you want to use the entire disk or only part of the disk. If you decide to use the entire disk for NetBSD, sysinst will check for the presence of other operating systems and you will be asked to confirm that you want to overwrite these. 10. Editing the NetBSD disklabel The partition table of the NetBSD part of a disk is called a disklabel. If your disk already has a diskla- bel written to it, you can choose Use existing partition sizes. Otherwise, select Set sizes of NetBSD partitions. After you have chosen your partitions and their sizes (or if you opted to use the existing partitions), you will be presented with the layout of the NetBSD diskla- bel and given one more chance to change it. For each partition, you can set the type, offset and size, block and fragment size, and the mount point. The type that NetBSD uses for normal file storage is called 4.2BSD. A swap partition has a special type called swap. Some partitions in the disklabel have a fixed purpose. a Root partition (/) b Swap partition. c The entire disk. d-h Available for other use. Traditionally, d is the partition mounted on /usr, but this is historical practice and not a fixed value. You will then be asked to name your disk's disklabel. The default response will be OK for most purposes. If you choose to name it something different, make sure the name is a single word and contains no special char- acters. You don't need to remember this name. 11. Preparing your hard disk You are now at the point of no return. Nothing has been written to your disk yet, but if you confirm that you want to install NetBSD, your hard drive will be modified. If you are sure you want to proceed, select yes. The install program will now label your disk and create the file systems you specified. The file systems will be initialized to contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files. You will see messages on your screen from the various NetBSD disk preparation tools that are running. There should be no errors in this section of the installation. If there are, restart from the beginning of the installation process. Other- wise, you can continue the installation program after pressing the return key. 12. Getting the distribution sets The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of sets that come in the form of gzipped tar files. At this point, you will be presented with a menu which enables you to choose from one of the following methods of installing the sets. Some of these methods will first transfer the sets to your hard disk, others will extract the sets directly. For all these methods, the first step is to make the sets available for extraction. The sets can be made available in a few different ways. The following sec- tions describe each of the methods. After reading about the method you will be using, you can continue to the section labeled `Extracting the distribution sets'. 13. Installation from CD-ROM When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to specify the device name for your CD-ROM drive (usually cd0) and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the distribution files are. sysinst will then check that the files are actually present in the specified location and proceed to the extraction of the sets. 14. Installation using FTP To install using FTP, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. sysinst will help you with this, asking if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, the directory on that host, the account name and password used to log into that host using FTP, and optionally a proxy server to use. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to spec- ify an IP address instead of a hostname for the FTP server. sysinst will then transfer the set files from the remote site to your hard disk. 15. Installation using NFS To install using NFS, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. sysinst will do this for you, asking you if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from and the directory on that host that the files are in. This directory should be mountable by the machine you are installing on, i.e., correctly exported to your machine. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the NFS server. 16. Installation from an unmounted file system In order to install from a local file system, you will need to specify the device that the file system resides on (for example wd1e), the type of the file system, and the directory on the specified file system where the sets are located. sysinst will then check if it can indeed access the sets at that location. 17. Installation from a local directory This option assumes that you have already done some preparation yourself. The sets should be located in a directory on a file system that is already accessible. sysinst will ask you for the name of this directory. 18. Extracting the distribution sets A progress bar will be displayed while the distribution sets are being extracted. After all the files have been extracted, the device node files will be created. If you have already con- figured networking, you will be asked if you want to use this configuration for normal operation. If so, these values will be installed in the network configu- ration files. 19. Configure additional items The next menu will allow you to select a number of additional items to configure, including the time zone that you're in, to make sure your clock has the right offset from UTC, the root user's shell, and the initial root password. You can also enable installation of binary packages, which installs the pkgin(1) tool for managing binary packages for third-party software. This will feel familiar to users of package tools such as apt-get or yum. If you prefer to install third-party software from source, you can install the pkgsrc(7) tree. Finally, you can enable some daemons such as sshd(8), ntpd(8), or mdnsd(8). 20. Finalizing your installation Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 10.1. You can now reboot the machine and boot NetBSD from hard disk. Post installation steps Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state. The most important steps are described below. 1. Before all else, read postinstall(8). 2. Configuring /etc/rc.conf If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of /etc/rc.conf (sysinst normally will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (/) mounted read-only. When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a /bin/sh prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vt220 (or what- ever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following com- mands to get your delete key to work properly, depend- ing on your keyboard: # stty erase '^h' # stty erase '^?' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with: # /sbin/mount -u -w / Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can pro- ceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line doc- umentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). When you have finished editing /etc/rc.conf, type exit at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and con- tinue with the multi-user boot. Other values that may need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked environment are hostname and possibly defaultroute. You may also need to add an ifconfig_int for your network interface, along the lines of ifconfig_le0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts: ifconfig_le0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventurous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more information. Instead of manually configuring networking, DHCP can be used by setting dhcpcd=YES in /etc/rc.conf. 3. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. If you didn't set a password in sysinst, there is no initial password. You should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root. 4. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your sys- tem. Do not edit /etc/passwd directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database. 5. The X Window System If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the chapter about X in the NetBSD Guide: https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/guide/en/chap-x.html: 6. Installing third-party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system, pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes nec- essary to make the software run on NetBSD. This includes the retrieval and installation of any other packages the software may depend upon. o More information on the package system is available at https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/software/packages.html o A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/current/pkgsrc/README.html o Precompiled binaries can be found at https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/ usually in the vax/10.1/All subdir. If you installed pkgin(1) in the sysinst post-installation configuration menu, you can use it to automatically install binary packages over the network. Assuming that /usr/pkg/etc/pkgin/repositories.conf is cor- rectly configured, you can install them with the following commands: # pkgin install tcsh bash perl apache xfce4 firefox ... The above command will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, Xfce desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on. If it was not automatically installed, pkgin(1) can be installed on a fresh NetBSD system with pkg_add(1): export PKG_PATH=https://cdn.netbsd.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/$(uname -p)/$(uname -r | cut -d_ -f1)/All pkg_add pkgin o If you wish to use the pkgsrc(7) framework for com- piling packages and did not install it from the sysinst(8) post-installation configuration menu, you can obtain it by retrieving the file https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/stable/pkgsrc.tar.gz. It is typically extracted into /usr/pkgsrc (though other locations work fine) with the commands: # cd /usr # tar -zxpf pkgsrc.tar.gz After extracting, see the doc/pkgsrc.txt file in the extraction directory (e.g., /usr/pkgsrc/doc/pkgsrc.txt) for more information. 7. Misc o Edit /etc/mail/aliases to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. o Edit /etc/rc.local to run any local daemons you use. o Many of the /etc files are documented in section 5 of the manual; so just invoking # man 5 filename is likely to give you more information on these files. Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System The easiest way to upgrade to NetBSD 10.1 is with binaries, and that is the method documented here. To do the upgrade, you must have one form of boot media available. You must also have at least the base and kern binary distribution sets available. Finally, you must have sufficient disk space available to install the new binaries. Since files already installed on the system are overwritten in place, you only need additional free space for files which weren't previously installed or to account for growth of the sets between releases. Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, boot blocks, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to back up any important data on the NetBSD partition or on another operat- ing system's partition on your disk before beginning the upgrade process. The upgrade procedure is similar to an installation, but without the hard disk partitioning. Fetching the binary sets is done in the same manner as the installation procedure; refer to the installation part of the document for help. File systems are checked before unpacking the sets. After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your machine is a complete NetBSD 10.1 system. However, that doesn't mean that you're finished with the upgrade process. You will probably want to update the set of device nodes you have in /dev. If you've changed the contents of /dev by hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not, you can just cd into /dev, and run the command: # sh MAKEDEV all sysinst will attempt to merge the settings stored in your /etc directory with the new version of NetBSD using the postinstall(8) utility. However, postinstall(8) is only able to deal with changes that are easily automated. It is recommended that you use the etcupdate(8) tool to merge any remaining configuration changes. Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 10.1. Note that sysinst will automatically invoke postinstall fix and thus all issues that are fixed by postinstall by default will be handled. In NetBSD 9 and earlier, filesystems listed in /etc/fstab would be mounted before non-legacy zfs filesystems. Starting from NetBSD 10 this order has been reversed. If you have ever run a version of NetBSD -current between April 18, 2020 and September 23, 2022 (the version numbers used in the affected time range are between 9.99.56 and 9.99.106) your FFS file systems might have broken extended attributes stored. You should follow this guide: https://wiki.netbsd.org/features/UFS2ea/ before booting the updated system multi-user for the first time. Note that you do not need to do anything special if you never did run any affected kernel, especially if you have never run NetBSD -current. The display drivers used for modern GPUs and the whole sub- system supporting it (DRM/KMS) have been updated to a newer version. Unfortunately not all issues with this have been resolved before the NetBSD 10.0 release. You can find a list of issues in the Open issues with new DRM/KMS: https://wiki.netbsd.org/releng/netbsd-10/ section of the release engineering wiki page. A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 10.1 release. See the ``Components removed from NetBSD'' section near the beginning of this document for a list. Using online NetBSD documentation Documentation is available if you installed the manual dis- tribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documenta- tion) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are o intro(1), o man(1), o apropos(1), o passwd(1), and o passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several cate- gories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administra- tive information is in section 8. The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man [section] topic. The brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest num- bered section name will be displayed. For instance, after logging in, enter # man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the docu- mentation for passwd(5), enter # man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter # apropos subject-word where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of pos- sibly related man pages will be displayed. Administrivia If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@NetBSD.org. See https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/ for details. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and questions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd-comments@NetBSD.org. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web inter- face at https://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/ If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with NetBSD, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-users@NetBSD.org. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appro- priate list about it. If you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. Thanks go to o The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, including (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their work on BSD systems, support, and encourage- ment. o The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers. o The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. o The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting the build cluster. o The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. o Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. o We list the individuals and organizations that have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at https://www.NetBSD.org/donations/ (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to ver- ify that you wanted to be listed.) o Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in Jan- uary, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!) Legal Mumbo-Jumbo All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or regis- tered trademarks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this docu- ment: NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foun- dation. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foun- dation, Inc. and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project. 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This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Simi- lar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU). The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html. This notice shall appear on any product containing this material. In the following statement, "This software" refers to the parallel port driver: This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. Some files have the following copyright: Mach Operating System Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon Univer- sity All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro- vided that both the copyright notice and this permis- sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de- rivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABIL- ITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Dis- tribution@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Carnegie-Mellon University. All rights reserved. Author: Chris G. Demetriou Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro- vided that both the copyright notice and this permis- sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de- rivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS" CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Dis- tribution@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright 1996 The Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies. Stanford Uni- versity makes no representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty. The End NetBSD/vax 10.1 Dec 17, 2024 NetBSD/vax 10.1